Cognitive Psychology - Conceptual Knowledge

Question 1

According to this approach to categorization, we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets the definition of the category.

Answer 1

definitional approach

Question 2

Wittgenstein proposed the idea of ___________ to deal with the problem that definitions often do not include all members of a category.

Answer 2

family resemblance

Question 3

the idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways

Answer 3

family resemblance

Question 4

the idea that we decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether it is similar to a standard representation of a category

Answer 4

prototype approach to categorization

Question 5

a standard used in categorisation that is formed by averaging the category members a person has encountered in the past

Answer 5

prototype

Question 6

Rosch describes these variations within categories as representing differences in _______.

Answer 6

typicality

Question 7

a category member closely resembles the category prototype

Answer 7

high typicality

Question 8

the category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category

Answer 8

low typicality

Question 9

the ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly i

Answer 9

typicality effect

Question 10

Presentation of one stimulus affects responses to a stimulus that follows. - results showing faster same–different color judgments for high-prototypical items (Rosch, 1975b) illustrates what effect?

Answer 10

priming

Question 11

results showing that faster reaction time to statements like “A _______ is a bird” for high-prototypical items (like robin) than for low-prototypical items (like ostrich) (Smith et al., 1974). illustrates what effect?

Answer 11

typicality

Question 12

Things in a category resemble each other in a number of way, where results showing higher ratings for high-prototypical items when people rate how “good” a member of the category it is (Rosch, 1975a). illustrated what effect?

Answer 12

family resemblance

Question 13

approach proposing that determining whether an object is similar to other objects where the standard approach involves many examples

Answer 13

exemplar approach to categorization

Question 14

actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.

Answer 14

exemplars

Question 15

kind of organization, in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories, creating a number of levels of categories

Answer 15

hierarchical organization

Question 16

Rosch’s approach is a hierarchical approach, what are the three levels of categories she distinguished?

Answer 16

• superordinate level
• basic level
• subordinate level

Question 17

the subordinate level is also called what?

Answer 17

specific level

Question 18

Furniture would be categorised where according to Rosch’s hierarchical approach?

Answer 18

superordinate (global)

Question 19

Chair would be categorised where according to Rosch’s hierarchical approach?

Answer 19

basic

Question 20

truck would be categorised where according to Rosch’s hierarchical approach?

Answer 20

basic

Question 21

Ford would be categorised where according to Rosch’s hierarchical approach?

Answer 21

subordinate (specific)

Question 22

the superordinate level is also called what?

Answer 22

global level

Question 23

Rosch proposed that the _______ level is psychologically special

Answer 23

basic

Question 24

an approach to understanding how concepts are organised in the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks

Answer 24

semantic network approach

Question 25

semantic network approach consists of _____ that are connected by links

Answer 25

nodes

Question 26

each node in the semantic network approach represents what?

Answer 26

category or concept

Question 27

a feature of semantic networks in which properties of a category are stored at a higher level node in the network, for example, the property “can fly” would be stored at the node for “bird” not at the node for “canary”

Answer 27

cognitive economy

Question 28

a property of semantic networks in which activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node

Answer 28

spreading activation

Question 29

a network approach based on neural networks

Answer 29

connectionist network

Question 30

a network model of mental operation that proposes that concepts are represented in networks that are modelled after neural networks

Answer 30

connectionism

Question 31

feature of a connectionist network that determines how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.

Answer 31

connection weight

Question 31

in a connectionist network, ______ are inspired by neurons found in the brain

Answer 31

units

Question 32

Units in a connectionist network that are located between input units and output units.

Answer 32

hidden units

Question 33

Units in a connectionist network that are activated by stimulation from the environment

Answer 33

input units

Question 34

Units in a connectionist network that contain the final output of the network

Answer 34

output units

Question 35

the connection weight in a connectionist network correspond to what?

Answer 35

what happens at the synapse

Question 36

Activation of units in a network therefore depends on two things: (1) the ______ that originates in the input units and (2) the ________ throughout the network.

Answer 36

• signal
• connection weights

Question 37

During learning in a connectionist network, the difference between the output signal generated by a particular stimulus and the output that actually represents that stimulus

Answer 37

error signal

Question 38

A process by which learning can occur in a connectionist network, in which an error signal is transmitted backward through the network. This backward-transmitted error signal provides the information needed to adjust the weights in the network to achieve the correct output signal for a stimulus.

Answer 38

back propogation

Question 39

The backward-transmitted error signal provides the information needed to ________ the weights in the network to achieve the correct output signal for a stimulus.

Answer 39

adjust

Question 40

Disruption of performance due to damage to a system that occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged. This occurs in some cases of brain damage and also when parts of a connectionist network are damaged

Answer 40

graceful degradation

Question 41

Because information in the network is distributed across many units, damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Answer 41

graceful degradation

Question 42

an impairment in which they had lost the ability to identify one type of object but retained the ability to identify other types of objects

Answer 42

category-specific memory impairment

Question 43

The observation that living things are distinguished by sensory properties
and artifacts by functions led to the _________ hypothesis, which states that our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes functions.

Answer 43

sensory functional

Question 44

patients with _______ ______ memory impairment are able to identify non animals (artifacts) as well as fruits and vegetables, but had impaired ability to identify animals

Answer 44

category-specific

Question 45

To explain why this selective impairment occurred in category-specific memory impairment Warrington and Shallice considered properties that people use to distinguish between artifacts and living things. They noted that distinguishing living things depends on perceiving their ________ features and Artifacts, in contrast, are more likely to be distinguished by their ________

Answer 45

• sensory
• functions

Question 46

The idea of distributed representation is a central feature of the __________ approach, which has led to searching for factors beyond sensory and functional that determine how concepts are divided within a category.

Answer 46

multiple-factor approach

Question 47

The ______ approach proposes that there are specific neural circuits in the brain for some specific categories.

Answer 47

semantic category

Question 48

The _______ approach states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object.

Answer 48

embodied

Question 49

Animals tend to share many properties, such as eyes, legs, and the ability to move. This is relevant to the multiple-factor approach to the representation of concepts in the brain.

Answer 49

crowding

Question 50

according to this approach, when a person uses a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the hammer’s size, shape, and color, and, in addition, motor areas are activated that are involved in carrying out actions involved in using a hammer

Answer 50

embodied approach

Question 51

this approach focuses on areas of the brain that are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli, it also emphasizes that the brain’s response to items from a particular category is distributed over a number of different cortical areas

Answer 51

semantic category

Question 52

Correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity associated with that part of the body

Answer 52

semantic somatotopy

Question 53

areas of the cortex are activated by the actual movements and by reading the actual words - eg. leg words and leg movements elicit activity near the brain’s centerline, whereas arm words and finger movements elicit activity farther from the centerline is an example of what?

Answer 53

semantic somatotopy

Question 54

The _______ approach emphasizes the role of many differ-ent features and properties.

Answer 54

multiple-factor

Question 55

The ________ approach emphasizes specialized areas of the brain and networks connecting these areas

Answer 55

category-specific

Question 56

the _______ emphasizes activity caused by the sensory and motor properties of objects

Answer 56

embodied approach

Question 57

_________ causes a general loss of knowledge for all concepts. Patients with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts

Answer 57

semantic dementia

Question 58

The generalized nature of the deficits experienced by semantic dementia patients, along with the finding that the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is generally damaged in these patients, has led some researchers to propose the_________ of semantic knowledge

Answer 58

hub and spoke model

Question 59

According to this model, areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL, which serves as a hub that integrates the information from these areas

Answer 59

hub and spoke model

Question 60

damage to one of the specialized brain areas (the spokes) can cause ______ deficits, such as an inability to identify artifacts, but damage to the ATL (the hub) causes _______ deficits, as in semantic dementia

Answer 60

• specific
• general

Question 61

results from Hoffman and Lambon Ralph study indicate that animals were more highly associated with motion and color compared to artifacts, and artifacts were more highly associated with performed actions (actions associated with using or interacting with an object). are explained by what approach to how concepts are represented in the brain?

Answer 61

multiple-factor approach