QUIZ Flashcards
responding more quickly to the word “house” than to the word “hike”
a) precuing
b) word frequency effect
c) priming
d) lexical decision task
b
participants read “John was trying to fix the birdhouse. He was pounding the nail when his father came out to watch him and help him do the work.” and indicated who “he” was referring to, where their answer was “John”, what sort of inference is this?
a) instrument inference
b) anaphoric inference
c) causal inference
d) predictive inference
b
if you read about somebody flying to New York, you would not infer that this person has built a dragon-flyer and jumped off a cliff but that he or she used a plane, since there is nothing else mentioned in the text and a plane is the most common form of flying to New York. what sort of inference die you make?
a) instrument inference
b) anaphoric inference
c) causal inference
d) predictive inference
a
you read the sentence “Sharon took aa aspirin. her headache went away”. if you infer that the aspirin caused her headache to go away what inference are you using?
a) instrument inference
b) anaphoric inference
c) causal inference
d) predictive inference
c
Metusalem recorded an ERP as participants read three different scenarios, using each of the wods shown in parenthesis :
The band was very popular and Joe was sure the concert would be sold out. Amazingly, he was able to get a seat down in front. He couldn’t believe how close he was when he saw the group walk out onto the (stage/guitar/barn) and start playing.
“Barn” caused a large N400 response, because it isn’t related to the passage. “Guitar” generated a smaller N400 response compared to “barn”. according to the researcher, our knowledge about different situations is continually being accessed as we read a story, and if guitar is activated, it is also likely that other words related to concerts, such as drums, vocalist, crowds, and beer (depending on your experience with concerts), would also be activated.
the idea that many things associated with a particular scenario are activated is connected with the idea that we create a ______ _______ while we are reading.
a) situation model
b) inference
c) narrative
d) given new contract
a
Emotion in language is often created by ______—the pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language
a) prosody
b) inference
c) tonic
d) heuristics
a
John is shopping for disinfectant wipes at his local pharmacy. He sees several options, but two containers of wipes are on sale. One is called “Bleachox” and the other is called “Bleach-it.”
Both of the disinfectant wipes Jon is considering are the same price and contain the same number of wipes. The only difference Jon notices, is that the Bleachox wipes claim to “kill 95% of all germs,” whereas the “Bleach-it” wipes say: “only 5% of germs survive.” After comparing the two, John chooses the Bleachox wipes. He doesn’t like the sound of germs ‘surviving’ on his kitchen counter.
Johns decision to buy Bleachox over bleach-it wipes was informed by what?
a) functional fixedness
b) availability heuristic
c) framing effect
d) loss aversion
c
ohn or Jane, two employees at your company, for a promotion. Both have a steady employment record, though Jane has been the highest performer in her department during her tenure. However, in Jane’s first year, she accidentally deleted a company project when her computer crashed. With this incident in mind, you decide to promote John instead.
In this hypothetical scenario, the vivid memory of Jane losing that file likely weighed more heavily on your decision than it should have. this is explained by the
a) framing effect
b) representative heuristic
c) base rate
d) availability heuristic
d
Jane is an avid football fan. She watches every game that her beloved “Guardians” play on live television. Jane always wears her tattered Guardians jersey while watching their games— the same one she has worn for years.
According to Jane, it is vital that she wear her “lucky jersey.” The success of her team depends on it. A few years earlier, Jane had noticed that when she didn’t wear her jersey, the Guardians lost. This phenomenon happened a few times before Jane’s superstitions were solidified. Now, she is certain: the success of her favorite football team is in some way related to her wearing this jersey.
this is explained by
a) illusionary correlation
b) base rate
c) representative heuristic
d) availability heuristic
a
you’re going to a concert with your friend Sarah. She also invited her two friends, John and Adam, whom you’ve never met before. You know that one is a mathematician, while the other is a musician.
When you finally meet Sarah’s friends, you notice that John wears glasses and is a bit shy, while Adam is more outgoing and dressed in a band T-shirt and ripped jeans. Without asking, you assume that John must be the mathematician and Adam must be the musician. You later discover that you were mistaken: Adam does math, and John plays music.
this is explained by
a) illusionary correlation
b) base rate
c) representative heuristic
d) availability heuristic
c
students in engineering are often viewed as hardworking but cocky, students in business are stereotypically preppy and aloof, and arts students are activists with an edgy fashion sense. These stereotypes are wide generalizations, which are often way off the mark. Yet, they are frequently used to make projections about how individuals might act. this is explained by
a) illusionary correlation
b) base rate
c) representative heuristic
d) availability heuristic
b
Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social jus-tice, and she also participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is more probable?
➤ Linda is a bank teller.
➤ Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement.
The correct answer to this problem is that Statement 1 has a greater probabil-ity of being true, but when Tversky and Kahneman (1983) posed this problem to their participants, 85 percent picked Statement 2.
The participants were influenced by the representativeness heuristic, because the description of Linda fits people’s idea of a typical feminist. However, in doing this, they violated
a) two phrase rule
b) conjunction rule
c) illusionary conjunction rule
d) base rate rule
b
results from an experiment where participants played the ultimatum game showed that people tend to make ______ decisions of ________
a) irrational: accepting any offer
b) irrational: accepting only high offers
c) rational; accepting any offer
d) rational; accepting only high offers
b
the dual systems approach to thinking proposes that there are two mental systems, System 1/type 1 is related to ________ and system 2/type 2 is related to _______
a) slow, deliberative and thoughtful; laborious, indecisive and slow
b)slow, deliberative and thoughtful; fast, automatic, inuitive
c) fast, automatic, inuitive; slow, deliberative and thoughtful
d) fast, automatic, inuitive; laborious, indecisive and slow
c
the dual systems approach to thinking proposes that there are two mental systems: ______ ______ has the following properties; intuitive, fast, nonconsious and automatic; and _____ ______ has the following properties; reflective, slow, conscious and controlled
a) thought 1; thought 2
b) system 2; system 1
c) system 1; system 2
d) thought 2; thought 1
c
