Cognitive Psychology - Perception

Question 1

the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

Answer 1

inverse projection problem

Question 2

peoples ability to recognise an object even when it is seen from different perspectives

Answer 2

viewpoint invariance

Question 3

the phenomenon that describes the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins

Answer 3

speech segmentation

Question 4

the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word

Answer 4

transitional probabilities

Question 5

every language has transitional probabilities for different sounds, and the process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language is called what?

Answer 5

statistical learning

Question 6

the approach that proposes that we fill in missing information by making unconscious assumptions we make about the environment

Answer 6

theory of unconscious inference

Question 7

Part of Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Answer 7

likelihood principle

Question 8

According to this approach, there are certain things we can expect from our environment (e.g., light comes from above – sun). The perceptual system picks up these regularities and helps us to process the stimuli (Scene schema).

Answer 8

regularities in the environment

Question 9

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment.

Answer 9

physical regularities

Question 10

an effect in which people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations

Answer 10

oblique effect

Question 11

_______ in perception refers to the meaning of a scene, and this meaning is often related to what happens within a scene

Answer 11

semantics

Question 12

characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scene

Answer 12

semantic regularities

Question 13

the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

Answer 13

scene schema

Question 14

this approach outlines that ones estimate of the probabilities of a given outcome is influenced by two factors: 1. the prior probability and 2. the likelihood of a given outcome

Answer 14

bayesian inference

Question 14

Bayesian inference proposes in our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by what two factors?

Answer 14

• prior probability
• likelihood of the outcome

Question 15

the principle of ___________ states that, when connected, result in straight or smooth lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object

Answer 15

good continuation

Question 16

the principle of _________ states that Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Answer 16

pragnanz / good figure / simplicity

Question 17

the olympic symbol is an example of the law of _______

Answer 17

simplicity

Question 18

the principle of _________ states that similar things appear to be grouped together

Answer 18

similarity

Question 19

the result of Gauthiers ‘Greeble’ experiment illustrates an effect of what?

Answer 19

experience dependent plasticity

Question 20

meaning between properties of an object

Answer 20

semantic regularity

Question 21

the perception pathway corresponds to the _______ pathwat, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway

Answer 21

• what
• where

Question 22

multiple personalities of a blob illustrates _______ processing

Answer 22

top down

Question 23

In English it is likely that pre and ty will be in the same word (pre-tty) but less likely that ty and ba will be in the same word (pretty baby)

Answer 23

transitional probability

Question 24

The continuous sound signal enters the ears and triggers signals that are sent toward the speech areas of the brain (________processing); if a listener understands the language, their knowledge of the language creates the perception of individual words (__________ processing)

Answer 24

• bottom up
• top down

Question 25

how knowledge of
the statistics of speech affects our ability to create words from a continuous speech stream illustrate _______ processing

Answer 25

top down

Question 26

An important feature of Helmholtz’s proposal is that this process of perceiving what
is most likely to have caused the pattern on the retina happens rapidly and ________.

Answer 26

unconsciously

Question 27

An illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing.

Answer 27

apparent movement

Question 28

one explanation to why are there more neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals, which states that characteristics that enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations.

Answer 28

theory of natural selection

Question 29

A mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed

Answer 29

experience dependent plasticity

Question 30

_______ reveals aspects of objects that are not apparent from a single viewpoint.

Answer 30

moving

Question 31

seeing an object from different viewpoints provides added information that results in more _________ perception, especially for objects that are out of the ordinary, such as the distorted horse.

Answer 31

accurate

Question 32

_________ is important because of the coordination that is continually occurring between perceiving stimuli and taking action toward these stimuli.

Answer 32

movement

Question 33

the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain

Answer 33

brain ablation

Question 34

the ________ pathway is responsible for determining an objects identity

Answer 34

what

Question 35

the _____ pathway is involved in the initial perception of a stimulus

Answer 35

what

Question 36

the _____ pathway is a mechanism for judging orientation, recognising objects

Answer 36

perception

Question 37

the perception pathway corresponds with the ______ pathway

Answer 37

what/ventral

Question 38

the _____ pathway is involved in determining an objects location

Answer 38

where/dorsal

Question 39

the _____ pathway is responsible for coordinating vision and action

Answer 39

action

Question 40

the case of D.F who had damage to her temporal lobe could not perform static orientation task, but could match the slots orientation once she started moving toward the slot. what does this represent?

Answer 40

• what/ventral/ perception pathway damage
• where/dorsal/ action pathway intact

Question 41

an example of a person picking up a coffee cup, the ______ pathway would be involved in the initial perception of the cup and the _______ pathway in determining its location

Answer 41

• what
• where

Question 42

identify the coffee cup among the vase of flowers and the glass of orange juice on the table - ______ pathway

Answer 42

• perception/what

Question 43

Once a coffee cup is perceived, taking into account its location on the table. what pathway is this?

Answer 43

• action/where

Question 44

As we reach for a coffee cup, avoiding the flowers and orange juice, we position our fingers to grasp the cup (_______ pathway), taking into account our perception of the cup’s handle (_______ pathway), and we lift the cup with just the right amount of force (_______ pathway), taking into account our estimate of how heavy it is based on our perception of the fullness of the cup (________ pathway).

Answer 44

• action
• perception
• action
• perception

Question 45

neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps the food

Answer 45

mirror neurons

Question 46

A network of neurons in the brain that have mirror neuron properties

Answer 46

mirror neuron system

Question 47

Neurons in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action.

Answer 47

mirror neurons