Cognitive Psychology - Perception Flashcards
the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
inverse projection problem
peoples ability to recognise an object even when it is seen from different perspectives
viewpoint invariance
the phenomenon that describes the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins
speech segmentation
the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word
transitional probabilities
every language has transitional probabilities for different sounds, and the process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language is called what?
statistical learning
the approach that proposes that we fill in missing information by making unconscious assumptions we make about the environment
theory of unconscious inference
Part of Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
likelihood principle
According to this approach, there are certain things we can expect from our environment (e.g., light comes from above – sun). The perceptual system picks up these regularities and helps us to process the stimuli (Scene schema).
regularities in the environment
regularly occurring physical properties of the environment.
physical regularities
an effect in which people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
oblique effect
_______ in perception refers to the meaning of a scene, and this meaning is often related to what happens within a scene
semantics
characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scene
semantic regularities
the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains
scene schema
this approach outlines that ones estimate of the probabilities of a given outcome is influenced by two factors: 1. the prior probability and 2. the likelihood of a given outcome
bayesian inference
Bayesian inference proposes in our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by what two factors?
- prior probability
- likelihood of the outcome
the principle of ___________ states that, when connected, result in straight or smooth lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object
good continuation
the principle of _________ states that Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
pragnanz / good figure / simplicity
the olympic symbol is an example of the law of _______
simplicity
the principle of _________ states that similar things appear to be grouped together
similarity
the result of Gauthiers ‘Greeble’ experiment illustrates an effect of what?
experience dependent plasticity
meaning between properties of an object
semantic regularity
the perception pathway corresponds to the _______ pathwat, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway
- what
- where
multiple personalities of a blob illustrates _______ processing
top down
In English it is likely that pre and ty will be in the same word (pre-tty) but less likely that ty and ba will be in the same word (pretty baby)
transitional probability
The continuous sound signal enters the ears and triggers signals that are sent toward the speech areas of the brain (________processing); if a listener understands the language, their knowledge of the language creates the perception of individual words (__________ processing)
- bottom up
- top down
how knowledge of
the statistics of speech affects our ability to create words from a continuous speech stream illustrate _______ processing
top down
An important feature of Helmholtz’s proposal is that this process of perceiving what
is most likely to have caused the pattern on the retina happens rapidly and ________.
unconsciously
An illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing.
apparent movement
one explanation to why are there more neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals, which states that characteristics that enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations.
theory of natural selection
A mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed
experience dependent plasticity
_______ reveals aspects of objects that are not apparent from a single viewpoint.
moving
seeing an object from different viewpoints provides added information that results in more _________ perception, especially for objects that are out of the ordinary, such as the distorted horse.
accurate
_________ is important because of the coordination that is continually occurring between perceiving stimuli and taking action toward these stimuli.
movement
the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain
brain ablation
the ________ pathway is responsible for determining an objects identity
what
the _____ pathway is involved in the initial perception of a stimulus
what
the _____ pathway is a mechanism for judging orientation, recognising objects
perception
the perception pathway corresponds with the ______ pathway
what/ventral
the _____ pathway is involved in determining an objects location
where/dorsal
the _____ pathway is responsible for coordinating vision and action
action
the case of D.F who had damage to her temporal lobe could not perform static orientation task, but could match the slots orientation once she started moving toward the slot. what does this represent?
- what/ventral/ perception pathway damage
- where/dorsal/ action pathway intact
an example of a person picking up a coffee cup, the ______ pathway would be involved in the initial perception of the cup and the _______ pathway in determining its location
- what
- where
identify the coffee cup among the vase of flowers and the glass of orange juice on the table - ______ pathway
- perception/what
Once a coffee cup is perceived, taking into account its location on the table. what pathway is this?
- action/where
As we reach for a coffee cup, avoiding the flowers and orange juice, we position our fingers to grasp the cup (_______ pathway), taking into account our perception of the cup’s handle (_______ pathway), and we lift the cup with just the right amount of force (_______ pathway), taking into account our estimate of how heavy it is based on our perception of the fullness of the cup (________ pathway).
- action
- perception
- action
- perception
neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps the food
mirror neurons
A network of neurons in the brain that have mirror neuron properties
mirror neuron system
Neurons in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action.
mirror neurons
