Cognitive Psychology - Introduction Flashcards
the mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, deciding and reasoning.
what does this definition of the mind reflect?
- mental abilities
- cognitions
the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals
what does this definition of the mind reflect?
- functioning and survival
- how the mind operates
“He was able to call to mind what he was doing on the day of the accident.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- mind involved in memory
- cognition
“If you put your mind to it, I’m sure you can solve that math problem.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- mind as a problem solver
- cognition
“I haven’t made up my mind yet” or “I’m of two minds about this.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- the mind used to make decisions / consider possibilities
- cognition
“He is of sound mind and body” or “When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- ## A healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning
“A mind is a terrible thing to waste.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- valuable, something that should be used
- functioning
“He has a brilliant mind.”
what does this sentence emphasise about the mind?
- intelligence or creative
- functioning
Donders determined how long it takes for someone to make a decision by measuring reaction time. what are the two types of reaction time measures?
- simple
- choice
Donders measured _______ reaction time by asking his participants to push a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light go on
simple
Donders measured _______ reaction time by using two lights and asking his participants to push the left button when they saw the left light go on and the right button when they saw the right light go on
choice
Because the _______ reaction time took one-tenth of a second longer than _______ reaction time, Donders concluded that the decision-making process took one-tenth of a second.
- choice
- simple
our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience the structuralists called sensations.
structuralism
a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
analytical introspection
plot of savings versus time after original learning
savings curve
Ebbinghause used the measure of ______ to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning
savings
_______ savings indicate greater memory
higher
the saving curve shows that memory drops rapidly for the first _____ days and then levels off
2
who contributed to the first cognitive psychology experiment ?
Donders
who contributed to the quantitative measurement of mental processes
Ebbinghaus
Established the first laboratory of scientific psychology
Wundt
Watson rejected ______ as a method and to Watson, observable behaviour, not consciousness is the main topic of study
- analytical introspection
First psychology textbook; some of his observations are still valid today
James
Watson’s problems with analytical introspection was 1. it produced _____ results from person to person and 2. these results were difficult to ______ because they were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes.
- variable
- verify
Watson’s ideas are associated with ______ —how pairing one stimulus
(such as the loud noise presented to Albert) with another, previously neutral stimulus (such as the rat) causes changes in the response to the neutral stimulus.
- classical conditioning
Watson used classical conditioning to argue that behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the ______.
mind
Tolman used behaviour to infer mental processes, and used rats in a maze, and explained that the results of his experiment was that when the rat initially experienced the maze, it was developing a _________ - a conception within the rats mind of the maze’s layout
cognitive map
Skinner introduced _________, which focused on how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval (or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection).
- operant conditioning
who was the first to use the term “cognitive”
Tolman
a shift in psychology from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus–response relationships to an approach whose main thrust was to understand the operation of the mind.
cognitive revolution
Kuhn defined ______ as a shift in thinking from one scientific paradigm to another
scientific revolution
a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time
paradigm
a scientific revolution involves a _________ a shift in thinking from one paradigm to another
paradigm shift
an approach that traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition and the operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages
information processing approach
approach as “making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving”
artificial intelligence
a computer program that could create proofs for problems in logic and designed to simulate human problem solving
logic theorist
the term artificial intelligence was coined by who?
John McCarthy
_________ textbook, which coined the term cognitive psychology and emphasized the
information-processing approach to studying the mind
Neisser’s
Neisser’s book was devoted mostly to what?
- vision
- hearing
what was a gap in Neissers book?
- physiology
A big step toward the study of higher mental processes was Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s (1968) _________
model of memory
the study of the behavior of people with brain damage
neuropsychology
what were the two physiological techniques dominated early physiological research on the mind.
- neuropsychology
- electrophysiology
techniques used to measure electrical responses of the nervous system and made it possible to listen to the activity of single neurons
Electrophysiology,
techniques such as fMRI that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity.
brain imaging
a disadvantage of PET was that it was ________ and involved ________ into a persons blood stream
- expensive
- radio active tracers
what was PET replaced with?
fMRI
a technique that doesn’t involve radioactive tracers and which was capable of higher resolution
fMRI
An approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations.
structuralism
