Cognitive Psychology- LTM: Encoding, Retrieval & Consolidation Flashcards
the process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM
encoding
bringing information into consciousness by transferring it from LTM to working memory
retrieval
encoding refers to the _______ used to get information into LTM
process
according to levels of processing theory, memory depends on what?
depth of processing
depth of processing distinguishes between what?
shallow and deep processing
Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information.
maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge.
elaborative rehearsal
processing that involves close attention and elaborative rehearsal that focuses on an item’s meaning and its relationship to something else.
deep
processing that involves little attention to meaning, as when a phone number is repeated over and over or attention is focused on a word’s physical features such as whether it is printed in lower-case or capital letters
shallow
A question about the physical features of the word. For example, participants see the word bird and are asked whether it is printed in capital letters, is an example of what processing?
shallow
A question about rhyming. For example, participants see the word train and are asked if it rhymes with the word pain, is an example of what processing?
deep
would rhyming or fill in the blanks lead to deeper processing?
fill in the blanks
A fill-in-the-blanks question. For example, participants see the word car and are asked if it fits into the sentence “He saw a _______ on the street.” is an example of what processing?
deep
Gordon Bower and David Winzenz (1970) decided to test whether using _____ ________—generating images in your head to connect words visually—can enhance memory
visual imagery
Gordon Bower and David Winzenz (1970) used a procedure in which a list of word pairs are presented and later, the first word of each pair is presented, and the participant’s task is to remember the word it was paired with. what is this procedure?
paired-associate learning
in their paired associate learning procedure, Bower and Winzenz found that participants who had created ________ remembered more than twice as many words as the participants who had just repeated the word pairs
images
memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
self reference effect
Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him-or herself, rather than passively receiving it.
generation effect
grouping lists of words in to ________ serve as retrieval cues
categories
word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory.
retrieval cue
When practicing, memory retrieval increases elaboration, which increases performance on memory tasks
retrieval practice effect
Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.
testing effect
The enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
testing effect
previously learned information interferes with learning new information
proactive interference
