MEMORY QUIZ Flashcards
June notices the colour of a written word or whether or not its in all capitals when she is reading a text. according to the levels of processing theory, what sort of processing is June using?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
B
June is learning a list of words, : play, bottle, door, and chair. she is asked which of these words has two syllables. what sort of processing will June be likely to use?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
D
June is learning a list of words, : play, bottle, door, and chair. she is asked which of these words rhymes with “hair” what sort of processing will June be likely to use?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
D
If structural processing encodes the font color of the word “hair” and phonemic processing encodes the sound of the word, what processing encodes what hair is, how it relates to other words around it?
A) deep processing
B) structural processing
C) semantic processing
D) phonemic processing
C
you’ve studied hard for an exam but can’t come up with an answer when you’re taking the exam, only to remember it later after the exam is over. what memory failure have you experienced?
A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) rehearsal
D) recall
B
in a study period, a list of words are presented that includes the word “house”. later, in the test, a list of words is presented that includes “house” plus some other words that were not presented, such as “table” and “money”. what sort of memory is being measured?
A) recognition
B) free recall
C) encoding specificity
D) cued recall
A
according to the standard model of consolidation, the participation of the hippocampus is crucial during the early stages of memory, as it is replaying the neural activity associated with a memory and sending this information to the cortex. this process is called _______ helps form direct connections between the various cortical areas
A) activation
B) reconsolidation
C) reactivation
D) consolidation
C
This loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury, called retrograde amnesia, can extend back minutes, hours, or even years, depending on the nature of the injury. And a characteristic of retrograde amnesia, is one that tends to be most severe for events that happened just before the injury and to become less severe for earlier events is known as what?
A) anterograde amnesia
B) graded amnesia
C) dissociative amnesia
D) transient global amnesia
B
Hupbach found that when participants are asked to remember items from Monday (Items A) earlier and were then presented with new items on Wednesday (items B), items A were vulnerable to being change - as participants learned Items B, some of these new objects became integrated into their memory for items A when asked to recall some of B items when they are tested on Friday.
One explanation for this suggests that Items A is associated with context on the day of presentation, because the same experimenter and the a blue basket were present, therefore when items B is learned within the Items A context, items B becomes associated with items A context. what explanation describes Hupbachs results in this way?
A) consolidation hypothesis
B) recondolisation hypothesis
C) temporal context model
D) recognition memory
C
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The self-reference effect
The propaganda effect
Release from proactive inhibition
Encoding specificity
The propaganda effect
A patient suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome, such as “Jimmy G” who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Following a story in a book
Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
Recognizing people he has recently met
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to
utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task.
test patients with amnesia.
use backward instead of forward priming.
employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.
test patients with amnesia.
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.
working
semantic
procedural
autobiographical
procedural
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Classical conditioning
Repetition priming
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Semantic memory
According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel.
it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
it involves both explicit and implicit memories.
it involves mental time travel.
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
Recalling the names of popular fairy tales
Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
A) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
B) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
C) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
D) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
C) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus.
Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is.
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Carrie answers her phone with “Hello?” A response, “Hi, Carrie!” comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with “Hi, Dad!” Carrie processed “Hi, Carrie” using an
auditory code in short-term memory.
auditory code in long-term memory.
iconic code in short-term memory.
iconic code in long-term memory.
auditory code in long-term memory.
This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.
recall
recognition
word-completion
personal semantic memory
recognition
________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
Explicit
Declarative
All of the above
Implicit
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar’s experience demonstrates
The phonological similarity effect
A build-up and release of proactive interference
The cocktail party phenomenon
A partial-report procedure
A build-up and release of proactive interference
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not
depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
implicit and procedural
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
has no effect on the curve.
increases the primacy effect.
decreases the recency effect.
increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
decreases the recency effect.
the maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.
lead to effective autobiographical memories.
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
the physical features of the word.
the meaning of a word.
the pleasantness of a word.
the category of a word.
the physical features of the word.
Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants” will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
“apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants”
“apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
“apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
“apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa”
“apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
excited
relaxed
nervous
neutral
relaxed
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Remote
Standard
Systems
Synaptic
Systems
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
recent and remote episodic
recent and remote semantic
recent episodic
remote semantic
recent and remote episodic
In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., “nice day,” “blue dress,” “fat neck”) to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of
maintenance rehearsal.
mood-congruent memory.
the consolidation-reconsolidation effect.
paired-associate learning.
paired-associate learning.
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
levels of processing.
depth of processing.
transfer-appropriate processing.
reconsolidation.
reconsolidation.
Graded amnesia occurs because
A) remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.
B) recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
C) emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
D) nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
B) recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
remote
recent
anterograde
emotional
remote
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories.
remote, semantic memories.
remote procedural memories.
state-dependent memories.
remote, episodic memories.
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
state-dependent learning.
encoding.
memory consolidation.
transfer-appropriate processing..
encoding.
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short but all on a single day.
long and all on a single day.
short and across several days.
long and across several days.
short and across several days.
n Slameka and Graf’s (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
spacing effect.
generation effect.
cued recall effect.
multiple trace hypothesis
generation effect.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
Even though Walt hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
Although Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting caught up in happy memories when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it’s best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Although Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting caught up in happy memories when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.
Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing.
episodic-based processing.
elaborative rehearsal.
personal semantic memory.
transfer-appropriate processing.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over.
linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
using it in a sentence.
thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
repeating it over and over.
Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird.”
interfered with by
faster than
the same as
slower than
the same as
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
parallel distributed processing
connectionist network
neural network
semantic network
semantic network
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
superordinate; subordinate
superordinate; basic
subordinate; basic
basic; subordinate
subordinate; basic
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.
resemblance
typicality
priming
reaction-time
typicality
When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that
a carrot would be named before eggplant.
an eggplant would be named before carrot.
a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first.
the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.
A
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
superordinate level to basic level
basic level to subordinate level
subordinate level to basic level
basic level to superordinate level
superordinate level to basic level
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories.
remote, semantic memories.
remote procedural memories.
state-dependent memories.
remote, episodic memories.
Information remains in sensory memory for
A. seconds or a fraction of a second.
B. 15-30 seconds.
C. 1-3 minutes.
D. as long as it is rehearsed.
A. seconds or a fraction of a second.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
A. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler.
B. due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out.
C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
D. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.
C. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
