Quiz 10 - Endocrine

Question 1

overview of endocrine system

Answer 1

endocrine and nervous system cooperate together to maintain homeostasis
nervous - fast acting; specific
endocrine - slower, longer lasting effects

Question 2

endocrine

Answer 2

• secretes hormone into the bloodstream
• no ducts
• glands are highly vascularized (great blood supply)
• secretions are hormones

Question 3

exocrine

Answer 3

• secretes onto body epithelial surface
• secretions travel via ducts onto target organs
• secretions are usually fluids, lubricants and enzymes
• examples: sweat, sebum, saliva

Question 4

endocrine cells

Answer 4

grandular secretory cells that release hormones

Question 5

hormones

Answer 5

organized into four groups based on chemical structure:

• amino acid derivatives
• eicosanoids
• peptide hormones
• steroid hormones

Question 6

peptide hormones

Answer 6

• amino acid chains (proteins)
• most hormones are peptides
• act much like a neurotransmitter receptor
• acts at the surface of the cell (on receptors)

Question 7

steroid hormones

Answer 7

• cholesterol based (lipids)
• easily cross a cell membrane
• longer lasting effect
• act inside the cell
• activates or inhibits specific genes in nuclear DNA

Question 8

3 mechanisms of Hypothalamus

Answer 8

• act as an endocrine organ itself by releasing hormones via posterior pituitary
• secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in anterior pituitary
• exerts direct neural control over adrenal gland

Question 9

pituitary gland

Answer 9

located below hypothalamus, hangs off of infundibulum

Question 10

posterior pituitary

Answer 10

controlled by nerves from hypothalamus

- produces ADH and oxytocin

Question 11

target and effect of ADH

Answer 11

target - kidneys

effect - decreases urine secretion, vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 12

target and effect of oxytocin

Answer 12

target - uterus; mammary glands

effect - lactation; labor contractions

Question 13

anterior pituitary (function, secretion, target)

Answer 13

• controlled by the hypothalamus: regulates other endocrine glands
• secretion: hormones that regulate the growth and secretion
• target: other glands and numerous body tissues

Question 14

7 hormones produces by anterior pituitary

Answer 14

• ACTH
• GH
• TSH
• prolactin
• FSH
• LH

Question 15

ACTH

Answer 15

adrenocorticotropic hormone

activates adrenal cortex to produce glucocoricoids

Question 16

GH

Answer 16

growth hormone

stimulates cell growth and replication (bone & muscle)

Question 17

TSH

Answer 17

thyroid-stimulating hormone

targets thyroid gland

Question 18

prolactin

Answer 18

stimulates and regulates breast tissue growth and milk production

Question 19

gonadotropins

Answer 19

regulates sex organ activities

Question 20

FSH

Answer 20

follicle-stimulating hormone

• promote oocyte development (via estrogen) in women
• stimulates sperm production in testes

Question 21

LH

Answer 21

leutenizing hormone

• induces ovulation (via progesterone) in women
• stimulates androgens (testosterone) in men

Question 22

thyroid gland

Answer 22

location/structure: anterior surface of trachea, largest purely endocrine gland in the body
produce/secrete: thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and C Cell hormone (calcitonin)

Question 23

target and effect of thyroid hormones

Answer 23

target: almost all tissues of the body
effect: increase basal metabolic rate, increase O2 consumption, increase heat production, increase protein synthesis

Question 24

target and effect of calcitonin

Answer 24

target: bone and kidney
effect: calcium retention

Question 25

parathyroid gland (location, secretion, target, effect)

Answer 25

location - 4 pea-sized glands on posterior surface of thyroid, important for Ca homeostasis in human
secretion - parathyroid hormone (PTH)
target - bone, GI tract and kidneys
effect - increase Ca released into blood stream (bone), increase Ca absorption (GI), decreases Ca excretion in urine (kidney)

Question 26

thymus gland (l, s, t, e)

Answer 26

location - posterior to sternum, rests on pericardial cavity
secretion - thymosin
target - lymphoid tissue
effect - increased lymphocyte production (immune system)

Question 27

adrenal glands

Answer 27

location - attached to both kidneys

• outer = adrenal cortex
• inner = adrenal medulla

Question 28

adrenal cortex

Answer 28

location - outermost layer (yellow due to lipids), produces more than 24 hormones called adrenocortical steroids, controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary

Question 29

secretions of adrenal cortex

Answer 29

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 30

secretion, target and effect of glomerulosa

Answer 30

secretion - aldosterone
target - kidneys
effects - increase Na retention

Question 31

secretion, target and effect of fasciculata

Answer 31

secretion - cortisol
target - liver and muscles
effects - increase glucose synthesis, increase glycogen formation

Question 32

secretion, target and effect of reticularis

Answer 32

secretion - androgens
target - sex organs
effects - pubic hair development in adolescence, promote muscle mass and supports libido in women

Question 33

location, secretion and effect of adrenal medulla

Answer 33

location - reddish-brown, due to high vascularity; controlled by SNS
secretion - epinephrine and norepinephrine
effect - increased cardiac activity, in creased blood pressure, release lipids from adipose tissue

Question 34

pineal gland (l, s, t, e)

Answer 34

location - part of epithalamus, dorsal to hypothalamus; small, red, pinecone shaped
secretion - melatonin
targets - hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
effect - regulates circadian rhythms