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Biology > Quarter 3 > Flashcards

Quarter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the taxons of life (in order)?

A

(Domain,) Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

What are the basic structures of bacteria (plus shape)?

A

Coccus (round-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral-shaped)

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3
Q

What are the five kingdoms (including the kingdoms from domain archaea and bacteria)?

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantea, Animalia, and Monera

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4
Q

An organism is a multicellular consumer made of eukaryotic cells. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Animalia

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5
Q

An organism is a single-celled consumer made of prokaryotic cells and lives in boiling-hot water. To what domain does it belong?

A

Archaea

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6
Q

An organism is multicellular with eukaryotic cells. It is a decomposer. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Fungi

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7
Q

An organism is made up of one eukaryotic cell. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Protista

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8
Q

An organism is multicellular and autotrophic. To what domain and kingdom does it belong?

A

Eukarya. Plantea

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9
Q

When the arrangement of bacteria begins with di-, strepto-, and staphylo-, what does it mean?

A

It means that the colony di- has two bacteria, the colony strepto- is shaped as a chain, and the colony staphylo- is shaped as a cluster.

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10
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista (Remember at least two)?

A

Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma, Balantidium coli, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma

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11
Q

How does conjugation work in a bacteria?

A

The two bacteria grab each other with the sex pili. Then a conjugation tube is formed between the bacteria. At that point, the donor bacterium transfers one of the plasmid’s strands to the recipient. Now they each have the same DNA.

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12
Q

What are the three ways genetic recombination can occur in bacteria?

A

Conjugation, transformation, transduction

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13
Q

What is conjugation?

A

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

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14
Q

What does plasmodium cause?

A

Malaria

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15
Q

What is a protozoan?

A

An animal-like protist

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16
Q

What is an algae?

A

A plant-like protist

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17
Q

What is a pseudopod, and what protozoan uses them?

A

It is a temporary, foot-like extension of a cell that is used for locomotion or engulfing food. Sarcodines are protozoans with pseudeopods

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18
Q

What is a flagella, and what protozoan uses them?

A

It is a long, thin, whip-like extension that is used for locomotion. [Zoo]flagellates are protozoans with flagella

19
Q

What is a cilia, and what protozoan uses them?

A

They are tiny hairs used for locomotion. Ciliates are protozoans with cilia

20
Q

What is the basic structure of a fungi?

A

The fungi is made up of the mycelium that takes in nutrients and partakes in extracellular digestion and the fruiting body used to produce and release spores

21
Q

Name 9 maladies caused by pathogenic fungi

A

(1) crop damage from rusts or smuts
(2) Chestnut blight
(3) Dutch elm disease
(4) ergot of rye
(5) potato wart
(6) Athlete’s foot
(7) Ringworm
(8) Candida yeast fungal infections
(9) Cordyceps infections in insects

22
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid form

23
Q

What are the reproductive organs (both male and female) of a flower?

A

The stamen (composed of the filament and anther) for males and the carpel (composed of the stigma, style and ovary) for females

24
Q

What is the sporophyte generation of alternation of generations?

A

The diploid generation that produces spores

25
Q

What is the gametophyte generation of alternation of generations?

A

The haploid generation that produces gametes

26
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

They are plants without vascular tissue

27
Q

What are the two groups of seed-producing plants (plus description)?

A

Gymnosperms, which are plants with seeds not inclosed in tissue (conifers), and angiosperms, which are plants with seeds that have a protective tissue (flowers)

28
Q

Why are bryophytes relatively small?

A

Since bryophytes have no vascular tissue, there is no efficient way to transport nutrients throughout the plant. The plant must therefore stay small so that the nutrients don’t need to travel so far

29
Q

What function do cotyledons perform before germination?

A

They aid in the transport of nutrients to the developing embryo

30
Q

What is the purpose of fruit?

A

To disperse the seed farther from the parent

31
Q

What are undifferentiated cells?

A

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function

32
Q

What type of tissue contains undifferentiated cells?

A

Meristematic tissue

33
Q

Why is the bottom of a leaf typically a lighter shade of green than the top of the leaf?

A

Because the spongy mesophyll is typically on the underside of the leaf and it’s photosynthetic cells are not as tightly packed together

34
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do?

A

It partakes in photosynthesis and also holds a lot of air for the cells to partake in photosynthesis.

35
Q

What structure in a deciduous tree causes the leaves to die and fall off in the autumn?

A

The abscission layer

36
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of phloems?

A
  1. Living vascular tissue
  2. Transports food and organic substances
  3. Found in the inner bark of a woody stem
  4. Plays an active role in translocation
37
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of xylems?

A
  1. Nonliving vascular tissue
  2. Transports water and dissolved materials
  3. Found in the outer bark of a woody stem and makes up most of it
  4. Does not play an active role in the transport
38
Q

What are the 5 main distinctions monocots have over dicots?

A

Monocots have:
one seed leaf
leaf veins running parallel to midrib
vascular bundles that are scattered in the stem
fibrous roots
flower parts in multiples of 3

39
Q

What are the 5 main distinctions dicots have over monocots?

A

Dicots have:
two seed leafs
leaf veins branching from the midrib
vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
taproots
flower parts in multiple of 4 or 5

40
Q

What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called?

A

Binary fission

41
Q

In what major ways are archaea different from bacteria?

A

Archaea has complex RNA polymerases, some genes that have introns, practically immune to antibiotics, and cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan. Bacteria does not have complex RNA polymerases, no genes that have introns, killed by antibiotics, and cell walls that do contain peptidoglycan.

42
Q

What is the difference between conjugation that occurs between paramecia and conjugation that occurs between bacteria?

A

In conjugation between paramecia, there is a mutual exchange of DNA so that each paramecium gets new DNA. When bacteria conjugate, only one bacterium (the recipient) gets new DNA

43
Q

What 5 conditions are ideal for most bacteria to grow and reproduce?

A

Moisture, moderate temperatures, nutrition, darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen

Biology (20 decks)

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