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Biology > Quarter 1 > Flashcards

Quarter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

*Autotrophs

A

Organisms that make their own energy

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2
Q

*Hypothesis

A

A suggested, testable answer to a well-defined scientific question or a possible, testable explanation for observations

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3
Q

*What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

A

An observation is based on the use of our 5 senses. An inference is based on prior knowledge

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4
Q

If a group of organisms produces offspring with subtle differences as compared to their parents, what type of reproduction was used?

A

Sexual reproduction

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5
Q

If a group of organisms produces offspring that are identical to the parents, what type of reproduction was used?

A

Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Why did the law of spontaneous generation survive for so many years?

A

It survived because flawed experiments seemed to confirm it

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7
Q

What type of microscope is the most useful for viewing the details of the surface of human hair?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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8
Q

What type of microscope is the most useful for viewing the small organisms in a drop of water?

A

Compound light microscope

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9
Q

What type of microscope is the most useful for viewing the detailed structures inside a muscle cell?

A

Transmission electron microscope

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10
Q

*What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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11
Q

*A student reports on an atom that has 11 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons. What is wrong with the students report?

A

The protons and electrons have to have the same number

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12
Q

When an atom loses an electron, what happens?

A

It becomes a positively charged ion

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13
Q

A covalent bond forms when:

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons

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14
Q

Why does the temperature of deserts drop so much more at night than it does in the towns near the ocean?

A

Because of the high heat capacity of the ocean

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15
Q

The 20 amino acids vary only in their:

A

Side groups

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16
Q

Substrate

A

A specific reactant acted on by an enzyme

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17
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Lowers the activation energy of a reaction

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18
Q

*What determines the properties of a protein?

A

The types, number, and order of amino acids linked together

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19
Q

*What part of the nucleotide is responsible for the way DNA stores its information?

A

Nitrogenous or nucleotide bases

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20
Q

*What holds the two helixes in DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds in the nucleotide

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21
Q

What is the name of the interaction in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is harmed?

A

Parasitism

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22
Q

What is the name of the interaction in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is unaffected?

A

Commensalism

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23
Q

What is the name of the interaction in which both organisms benefits from the relationship?

A

Mutualism

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24
Q

What is the name of the interaction in which one organism kills and eats the other organism?

A

Predation

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25
Q

When released in large quantities into the atmosphere, what gas do some scientists believe may be responsible for the greenhouse effect?

A

Carbon dioxide

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26
Q

In the process of ecological succession, the first organisms are called the _______ __________ and the final community that exists in the ecosystem is called the ______ _________

A

Pioneer organisms; climax community

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27
Q

A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a:

A

Density-dependent limiting factor

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28
Q

The number of individuals of a single species per unit area is known as:

A

Population density

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29
Q

*What organisms are responsible for removing carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere?

A

Producers (plants and phytoplankton)

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30
Q

*What is the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere called?

A

Photosynthesis

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31
Q

*What other ways can carbon dioxide be removed from the air?

A

Dissolving in the ocean

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32
Q

*What organelles contain their own DNA?

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

*Diffusion is the random movement of particles:

A

From areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration

34
Q

What chemical process occurs in the cell organelle called the mitochondria?

A

Respiration

35
Q

A cell produces a protein that will be used by other cells. When the cell releases the protein into the extracellular fluid, what function has it preformed?

A

Secretion

36
Q

*What process requires that the cell expend energy?

A

Endocytosis

37
Q

*What type of cellular activity could continue to occur if the cell’s mitochondria stop working?

A

Passive transport will continue because it doesn’t use energy. Since diffusion and osmosis are passive, then they will continue

38
Q

*Cytoplasmic streaming

A

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s contents

39
Q

*Hypotonic solution

A

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is lower relative to another solution

40
Q

*Cytolysis

A

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

41
Q

*Phagocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

42
Q

*Plasmolysis

A

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water

43
Q

*What are the 3 statements of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells.
  2. Cells are the unit of structure and function for all life
  3. All cells come from other cells
44
Q

Who were the three men who made contributions to the cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleidan, and Rudolf Virchow

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids

46
Q

Endocytic vesicle

A

A membrane-bounded “sac” that transport large molecules through the cell membrane

47
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

48
Q

This area is usually dominated with tree species that shed their leaves in winter months

A

Temperate deciduous forest

49
Q

This area receives very little rainfall, and usually experiences very hot days and cold nights

A

Desert

50
Q

This area has permanently frozen soil that does not allow for the growth of large plants

A

Tundra

51
Q

This biome includes the lakes, rivers, ponds, and streams of the earth

A

Freshwater

52
Q

This biome is usually located near the equator. Characteristics include high rainfall amounts, dense vegetation, and poor soil quality

A

Tropical rainforest

53
Q

This area is dominated by conifer trees and short summers

A

Tiagas

54
Q

A type of grassland biome that experiences rainy seasons and long periods of drought

A

Savanna

55
Q

This biome includes oceans, reefs, and estuaries

A

Marine

56
Q

What does the dotted line in a logistic growth curve represent? What causes this?

A

Carrying capacity. Limited resources and predators

57
Q

*Isotope

A

An element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

58
Q

*Cohesion

A

A force that attracts molecules that are the same together

59
Q

*Saturated fat

A

A lipid made from fatty acids that does not have a double bond between carbon atoms

60
Q

*Activation energy

A

The energy needed to start a reaction

61
Q

*Isomers

A

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

62
Q

*A solution with a pH of 1-6 is:

A

Acidic

63
Q

*A solution with a pH of 8-14 is:

A

Alkaline

64
Q

*A solution with a pH of 7 is:

A

Neutral

65
Q

*Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that do not make their own food

66
Q

*Mutation

A

An offspring that has marked differences from its parents

67
Q

*Theory

A

The conclusion of a hypothesis that explains the variable and why

68
Q

*Photosynthesis

A

The process of plants creating energy from the sun

69
Q

*Homeostasis

A

The process that keeps our bodies warmly stable

70
Q

*Inference

A

Making a statement based on prior knowledge or experiences

71
Q

*Anabolism

A

The process of small organisms being made bigger by chemical reactions

72
Q

What type of data is from this example: “The brown bear positioned itself in the middle of the stream.”

A

Qualitative data

73
Q

What type of data is from this example: “The chicken’s laid an average of two eggs per day.”

A

Quantitive data

74
Q

A tiger developes lockjaw and can no longer open its mouth. Which of the criteria for life will it not be able to perform?

A

Metabolism and energy because tigers get their energy from food through their mouths. If they cannot intake any food, they will loose energy

75
Q

*List the criteria of life

A

Cells, Growth and Development, Metabolism and Energy, Homeostasis, Sense and Respond to Stimuli, DNA and Reproduction

76
Q

*What determines if a transport requires energy?

A

Passive transport moves molecules with the concentration gradient (from high to low) so do not require energy input. Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient (from low to high) so does require energy input.

77
Q

*What is the difference between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are plastids that contain a green pigment, chlorophyll, and is used for photosynthesis. Chromoplasts have red, orange, and yellow pigments and are also used for photosynthesis. Leucoplasts do not have any pigment and stores starches and oils

78
Q

.* [_]
[____]
[_________]
[________________]
What does each level represent in an ecological pyramid?

A
  1. Tertiary consumers
  2. Secondary consumers
  3. Primary consumers
  4. Producers
79
Q

*Describe prokaryotic cells

A

All prokaryotic cells have cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, they lack a nucleus and they grow and reproduce. They do not have double-membrane bound organelles.

Biology (20 decks)

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