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Biology > Module 15 > Flashcards

Module 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vertebrae

A

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone

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2
Q

Notochord

A

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature’s body, providing the majority of its support

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3
Q

Endoskeleton

A

A skeleton on the inside of a creature’s body

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4
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

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6
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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7
Q

Olfactory lobes

A

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A

The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature’s response to that information

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9
Q

Optic lobes

A

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord

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12
Q

Internal fertilization

A

The process by which the male places sperm inside the female’s body, where the eggs are fertilized

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13
Q

External fertilization

A

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once outside of the female

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14
Q

Oviparous development

A

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female’s body

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15
Q

Ovoviviparous development

A

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female’s body

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16
Q

Viviparous development

A

Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta

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17
Q

Bile

A

A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat

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18
Q

Atrium

A

A large muscular heart chamber that receives blood that is about to enter the ventricle

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19
Q

Ventricle

A

A thick-walled, muscular heart chamber from which blood is pumped out to the body

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20
Q

Anadromous

A

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce

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21
Q

Hibernation

A

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures

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22
Q

Amniotic egg

A

A shelled, water-retaining egg that allows reptile, bird, and certain mammal embryos to develop on land

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23
Q

What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common?

A

They all go through metamorphosis from larva to adult

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24
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

A

Cartilage is more flexible and weaker than bone

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25
Q

You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature it’s from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel’s wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is it?

A

Most likely a capillary because they have thin walls to allow for the diffusion of gases

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26
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen in the blood

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27
Q

What protein gives red blood cells their color?

A

Hemoglobin

28
Q

Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians?

A

The cerebellum refines muscle movement. A creature that has uncoordinated, jerky muscle movements has a small cerebellum.

29
Q

An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the “average” vertebrate?

A

Their optic lobes

30
Q

A creature reproduces when the female receives sperm from the male and then lays an egg that hatches. Is fertilization internal or external? What king of development is this?

A

The fertilization is internal, because the female takes the sperm into her body to form the zygote, which is then encased in the egg. The development is oviparous, because the egg hatched externally

31
Q

Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon? Why?

A

Salmon because lampreys and rays have a cartilaginous skeleton, but salmons do not

32
Q

What type of life cycle do Atlantic salmon have?

A

An anadromous life cycle

33
Q

What is the shark’s most sensitive means of finding prey?

A

Its electrical field sensor

34
Q

What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish?

A

It senses vibration in the water

35
Q

What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish?

A

Balance

36
Q

What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish?

A

It is a defensive weapon

37
Q

What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate?

A

Rays have thin, whip like tails, while skates have thicker, fleshy tails

38
Q

What are the six common characteristics of amphibians?

A
  1. Endoskeleton made mostly of bone
  2. Smooth skin with many capillaries and pigments. They don’t have scales
  3. Usually have two pairs of limbs with webbed feet
  4. As many as four organs of respiration
  5. Three-chambered heart
  6. Oviparous with external fertilization
39
Q

What is the difference between a toad and a frog?

A

Frogs have smooth, wet skin and live near water. Toads have dry, warty skin and need not live near water

40
Q

For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ?

A

Their skin

41
Q

What are the five characteristics that set reptiles apart from other vertebrates?

A
  1. Covered with tough, dry scales
  2. Ectothermic
  3. Breathe with lungs throughout their lives
  4. Three-chambered heart with a ventricle that is partially divided
  5. Produce amniotic eggs covered with a leathery shell, most oviparous, some ovoviviparous
42
Q

What is the function of the yolk?

A

It serves as nourishment for the developing embryo

43
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

It allows the embryo to breathe

44
Q

What is the function of the albumen?

A

It destroys pathogens that can enter the egg as well as supplying water and amino acids to the embryo. It also acts as a shock-absorber

45
Q

Reptiles have a growth-related characteristic in common with the arthropods. What is it?

A

They both must molt because their body covering is not living

46
Q

What are the two most important functions of reptile scales?

A

They prevent water loss and insulate the reptile’s body

47
Q

What class contains cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, and skates)?

A

Class Chondrichthyes

48
Q

What class contains bony fish?

A

Class Osteichthyes

49
Q

What class contains salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians?

A

Class Amphibia

50
Q

What order are salamanders in?

A

Order Caudata

51
Q

What order are frogs and toads in?

A

Order Anura

52
Q

What order are caecilians in?

A

Order Apoda

53
Q

What class contains lizards, turtles, alligators, and tuataras?

A

Class Reptilia

54
Q

What order are lizards and snakes in?

A

Order Squamata

55
Q

What order are turtles and tortoises in?

A

Order Testudines

56
Q

What order are alligators and crocodiles in?

A

Order Crocodilia

57
Q

What order are tuataras in?

A

Order Sphenodontia

58
Q

What arteries carry oxygen-poor blood?

A

The ventral aorta and the afferent brachial arteries

59
Q

Once the blood leaves the fish’s heart, where does it go?

A

Through the large blood vessel called the ventral aorta, which branches into a series of smaller vessels called the afferent brachial arteries. These arteries supply blood to the capillaries in the gills

60
Q

Once the blood is oxygen-rich after going through the gills of a fish, where does it leave?

A

It leaves the gills through the efferent brachial arteries

61
Q

What does the efferent brachial arteries do?

A

They dump blood into the dorsal aorta

62
Q

Once the fish’s blood is in the dorsal aorta, where does it go?

A

Some of the blood goes to the brain and other cells in the head through one way of the dorsal aorta, supplying them with nutrients and oxygen; but if the blood goes the other way in the dorsal aorta, it is sent to various organs and cells in the rest of the body

63
Q

Once the fish’s blood is oxygen-poor, where does it go?

A

It is carried back to the heart in either the anterior cardial vein or the posterior cardial vein, depending on which way it went through the dorsal aorta

64
Q

What is the difference between and alligator an a crocodile?

A

Alligators have a wider snout and doesn’t show its teeth when it closes its mouth. Crocodiles have a pointier snout and shows some teeth when its mouth is closed

65
Q

What does bony fish have that covers the gills and opens them when water needs to come out?

A

Opercula

66
Q

What are the four distinguishing features of chordates?

A
  1. A hollow, dorsal nerve cord
  2. A notochord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. A tail that extends past the anus
67
Q

What are the four general characteristics of vertebrates?

A

They have
1. An endoskeleton
2. A closed circulatory system
3. A nervous system with a lobed brain
4. Individual male and female sexes

Biology (20 decks)

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