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Biology > Module 16 > Flashcards

Module 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Down feathers

A

Feathers with smooth barbules but no hooked barbules

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2
Q

Contour feathers

A

Feathers with hooked and smooth barbules, allowing the barbules to interlock

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3
Q

Placenta

A

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother’s blood supply

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4
Q

Gestation

A

The period of time during which an embryo develops before being born

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5
Q

Mammary glands

A

Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young

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6
Q

Animal behavior

A

Any response an animal makes to changes in its environment

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7
Q

Innate behavior

A

Inherited behavior performed correctly by all members of a species, without previous experience

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8
Q

Learned behavior

A

A change in behavior resulting from experience; it is not inherited

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9
Q

Fixed action pattern (FAP)

A

Innate behavior, triggered by a stimulus, occurring as an unchangeable sequence of actions that continues uninterrupted until completed

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10
Q

Habituation

A

A learned behavior in which an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no important information

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11
Q

Imprinting

A

A usually irreversible type of learning limited to a specific time period in an animal’s life

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12
Q

Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a stimulus or response is linked to a reward or punishment

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13
Q

What are the six common characteristic of birds?

A
  1. Endothermic
  2. Heart with four chambers
  3. Toothless bill
  4. Oviparous, laying an amniotic egg that is covered in a lime-containing shell
  5. Covered with feathers
  6. Skeleton composed of porous, lightweight bones (not a characteristic for all birds)
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14
Q

A blood sample comes from the ventricle of an animal that is either an amphibian or a bird. How can you tell which?

A

If the blood sample has a mixture of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, it comes from an amphibian. If it has only one or the other, it comes from a bird

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15
Q

Which has a harder shell: the egg of a reptile or the egg of a bird?

A

A bird egg’s shell is harder, because it contains lime

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16
Q

You see some barbs from a feather. You have no idea whether they came from a down feather or a contour feather. Looking at the barbs under the microscope, however, you see that there are no hooked barbules. What kind of feather is it?

A

Down feathers

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17
Q

What type of feather is used for flight?

A

Contour feathers

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18
Q

What type of feather is used for insulation?

A

Down feathers

19
Q

What is a bird actually doing when it is preening? Why?

A

It is applying oil to its feathers. The feather’s need to be oiled regularly to keep the hooked barbules sliding freely along the smooth barbules and to keep the feathers essentially waterproof

20
Q

What is unique about a bird’s method of molting?

A

They molt their feather in pairs

21
Q

What three things did flight engineers have to learn from birds to make flight possible?

A

They learned:
1. The proper structure of a wing from birds
2. How to make strong, hollow tubes from studying bird bones
3. How to reduce wing turbulence from birds

22
Q

Which is heavier, a bird’s bone or the same size bone from an amphibian?

A

The amphibian’s bone

23
Q

What makes bird’s bone light?

A

The air-filled cavities inside the bones

24
Q

What are the five common characteristics of mammals?

A
  1. Hair covering the skin
  2. Reproduce with internal fertilization and usually viviparous
  3. Nourish their young with milk secreted from specialized glands
  4. Four-chambered heart
  5. Endothermic
25
Q

What is the principal function of under hair?

A

Insulation

26
Q

What do we usually see when we look at a mammal, under hair or guard hair?

A

Guard hair

27
Q

What is the main difference between offspring born after a long gestation period and offspring born after a short gestation period?

A

Offspring born after a long gestation period are more developed than those born after a short gestation period

28
Q

What is the difference between innate and learned behaviors?

A

Innate behaviors are correctly performed by all members of a species the very first time, no learning required. Learned behaviors are based on experience

29
Q

What are the types of learned behavior?

A

Habituation, imprinting, and conditioning

30
Q

Ants remove dead ants from the anthill. A researcher painted a live ant with a chemical from a dead ant, and the other ants carry it out kicking and struggling. When the painted ant returns to the anthill, other ants carry it out again. What best explains the behavior of the group of ants towards the painted ant?

A

The chemical from the dead ant that was painted on the live ant must have triggered a fixed action pattern

31
Q

What is one hypothesis that could explain how a dominance hierarchy benefits the animals in a social group?

A

Individual animals can spend more time and energy on finding food and raising young

32
Q

What are rhythmic patterns of behavior?

A

Patterns that are repeated

33
Q

What are two examples of rhythmic patterns (plus description)?

A

Circadian rhythms (behaviors such as sleeping and waking times) and migration (seasonal behaviors that repeat based on the external signals such as temperature or day length)

34
Q

Starlings usually fly in a loose formation, but if a predatory bird (such as a hawk or a falcon) flies above them, the starlings form a tight flock. Predatory birds rarely attack flocks of birds. Should you consider the behavior of the starling to be cooperation? Why?

A

Yes, flocking behavior should be considered cooperation. By forming a flock when predators are present, the starlings work together to benefit the whole group

35
Q

Birds are under class what?

A

Class Aves

36
Q

What are the two main parts of a feather?

A

The shaft and the vane

37
Q

What helps birds against turbulence?

A

The alula

38
Q

What is the period in which an animal is imprinting called?

A

The critical or sensitive learning period

39
Q

What are the two forms of conditioning (plus description)?

A

Classical conditioning (when an unrelated stimulus represents another known stimulus) and operant conditioning (the conditioning based upon trial and error)

40
Q

What are non placental mammals called? (2)

A

Monotremes and marsupials

41
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Mammals that are oviparous

42
Q

What are the only living members of the group monotremes?

A

The duck-billed platypus and the echidna

43
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Mammals that have no placenta (young grow in pouches)

44
Q

What are some members of the group marsupials?

A

Kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, and opossums

Biology (20 decks)

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