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Biology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of cells

A

Cytology

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2
Q

The ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into cells

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized

A

Digestion

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4
Q

The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules

A

Respiration

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5
Q

The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another

A

Transport

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6
Q

The ability to release biosynthesized substances

A

Secretion

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7
Q

The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell

A

Excretion

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8
Q

The ability to remove non soluble, undigested waste from the cell

A

Egestion

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9
Q

The ability to respond to stimuli

A

Irritability

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10
Q

A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive

A

Organelle

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11
Q

A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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12
Q

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic

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13
Q

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings

A

Plasma membrane

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14
Q

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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16
Q

Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells

A

Cell wall

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18
Q

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

A

Middle lamella

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19
Q

A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear membrane

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20
Q

Long strands or clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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23
Q

ER that has no ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

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24
Q

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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25
Q

Larger membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste

A

Vacuole

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26
Q

Smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion

A

Vesicle

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27
Q

Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion

A

Secretory vesicle

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28
Q

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water

A

Central vacuole

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29
Q

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids

A

Lysosome

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30
Q

A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

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31
Q

Double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

A

Mitochondria

32
Q

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoan, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food

A

Plastids

33
Q

Plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

34
Q

Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis

A

Chromoplasts

35
Q

Non pigmented plastids that store starches or oils

A

Leucoplasts

36
Q

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

A

Cytoskeleton

37
Q

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

38
Q

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

A

Intermediate filaments

39
Q

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tube like structure

A

Microtubules

40
Q

Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells

A

Centrioles

41
Q

A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains the two centrioles

A

Centrosome

42
Q

A model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components (mainly phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol) that are free to move fluidly within the plane of a membrane

A

Fluid mosaic model

43
Q

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

44
Q

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

A

Semipermeable membrane

45
Q

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input

A

Passive transport

46
Q

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input

A

Active transport

47
Q

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

A

Concentration

48
Q

The difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane

A

Concentration gradient

49
Q

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium)

A

Diffusion

50
Q

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration)

A

Osmosis

51
Q

A solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution

A

Hypotonic solution

52
Q

A solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution

A

Hypertonic solution

53
Q

A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution

A

Isotonic solution

54
Q

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water

A

Plasmolysis

55
Q

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

A

Cytolysis

56
Q

The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration

A

Facilitated diffusion

57
Q

The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

58
Q

The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

59
Q

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles of cells

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extra cellular fluid containing dissolved particles

A

Pinocytosis

61
Q

Improved the compound microscope and used it to observe a cork. While looking at the cork, he coined the term “cell”

A

Robert Hooke

62
Q

Proposed that all plants are made up of cells (beginning the cell theory)

A

Matthias Schleiden

63
Q

Proposed that all animal tissues are made up of cells (which contributes to the cell theory)

A

Theodor Schwann

64
Q

States that all cells come from existing cells (which then completes the cell theory)

A

Rudolf Virchow

65
Q
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells (must be unicellular or multicellular)
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms
  3. Cells arise from existing cells
A

What are the three main ideas of the cell theory?

66
Q

They both have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

A

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

67
Q

Lysosomes, plastids, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, ribosomes, SER and RER, Golgi bodies, and the nucleus

A

Name the 10 organelles that play a role in biosynthesis

68
Q

Cytoskeleton and the endoplasmic reticulum

A

What helps the cell hold its shape if it does not have a cell wall?

69
Q

The cell has a central vacuole that expands as the cell absorbs water. This causes turgor pressure in the cell, which counteracts osmosis

A

How does a plant cell fight osmosis in a hypotonic solution?

70
Q

Ingestion, digestion, respiration, transport, homeostasis, synthesis, secretion, excretion, egestion, irritability, movement, and reproduction

A

What are the 12 major life functions cells must perform?

71
Q

The fact that the hydrophobic ends of a phospholipid are attracted to each other and the hydrophilic ends are attracted to the water in and out of the cell

A

What makes it possible for the plasma membrane to self-assemble?

72
Q

Because it doesn’t require energy to move the molecules. The molecules moving across the membrane are moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

A

How is facilitated diffusion considered passive transport?

73
Q

The cell of a single-celled organism must perform all of the life functions in order to survive. The cell of a multicellular organism may be specialized and dependent on other cells in the organism for some of the life functions

A

How does the cell of a single-celled organism differ from a cell in a multi-cellular organism?

74
Q

Lysosomes and centrioles

A

What organelles are not found in plant cells?

75
Q

Cell wall and plastids

A

What organelles are not in animals cells?

Biology (20 decks)

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