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Biology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

The science that studies how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Genetic factors

A

The general guideline of traits determined by a person’s DNA

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3
Q

Environmental factors

A

Those “nonbiological” factors that are involved in a person’s surroundings such as the nature of the person’s parents, the person’s friends, and the person’s behavioral choices. They also include things like exposure to chemicals, molds, extreme weather conditions, and allergens

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4
Q

Spiritual factors

A

The factors in a person’s life that are determined by the quality of his/her relationship with God

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5
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity; a section of DNA that contains the code to produce a protein or a portion of a protein, thereby causing a trait

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

The condensed threads of chromatin (DNA coiled around and supported by proteins) found in the nucleus of the cell

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

Long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

The process by which two identical DNA molecules are produced from one original DNA molecule

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined by a centromere

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together

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11
Q

Triplet

A

A three-base sequence on DNA

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12
Q

Codon

A

A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

Anticodon

A

A three-base sequence on tRNA

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Interphase

A

The time interval between sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process, usually following mitosis or meiosis, in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two

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17
Q

Karyotype

A

The figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.

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18
Q

Diploid cell

A

A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs or two sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair or half the total number of chromosomes

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20
Q

Diploid number (2n)

A

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell

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21
Q

Haploid number (n)

A

The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell (1/2 the total)

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n)

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23
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction

24
Q

Zygote

A

The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring

25
Q

Tetrad

A

Two homologous chromosomes consisting of four chromatids, two sister chromatids in each chromosome

26
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes

27
Q

In nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the backbone is made up of what?

A

Sugars and phosphates

28
Q

During the cell cycle, when is DNA replicated?

A

S (synthesis)

29
Q

What is one disorder in the body where some cells no longer have checkpoints that control growth and reproduction?

A

Cancer

30
Q

Chromosomes inside the nucleus that are paired with others of similar size, shape, and carrying the same genes are known as what?

A

Homologos

31
Q

Suppose scientists determine that a set of genes is significantly more prevalent in murderers than in the population at large. Would that mean that murderers are not at fault for what they do? Why or why not?

A

No. Because the choices they make can keep them from following that tendency

32
Q

If you look under a microscope and see distinct chromosomes in a cell, is the cell in interphase? Why or why not?

A

No. Because the cell must be in mitosis. If the cell were in interphase, the chromosomes would not have condensed and so would not be visible under the microscope

33
Q

List (in order) the four stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis

34
Q

If the diploid number of a cell is 8, what is the haploid number?

A

4

35
Q

If the haploid number of a cell is 8, what is the diploid number?

A

16

36
Q

What is the difference between a gamete and any other animal cell?

A

A gamete is a haploid while all other animal cells are diploid. This means that a gamete has only one set of chromosomes or one chromosome from each homologous pair. Other animal cells always have two sets of chromosomes or one set of homologous pairs.

37
Q

Which is more similar to mitosis: meiosis I or meiosis II?

A

Meiosis II

38
Q

Which is a little different than mitosis: meiosis I or meiosis II?

A

Meiosis I

39
Q

When and how does crossing over occur and what does it accomplish?

A

It occurs when homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange genes in prophase I. It allows each chromosome to contain new genetic information different from the parent chromosomes.

40
Q

What is the gamete produced in male animals called?

A

Sperm cell

41
Q

What is the gamete produced in female animals called?

A

Egg cell

42
Q

How many useful gametes are produced in the meiosis of male animals?

A

4

43
Q

How many useful gametes are produced in the meiosis of female animals?

A

1

44
Q

What is the difference between a polar body and an egg?

A

The polar bodies don’t have enough organelles or cytoplasm to survive, therefore it is useless and will dissolve. The egg is the cell that takes most of the cytoplasm and organelles, making it bigger in size and fully functional

45
Q

What is the enzyme that goes through and breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases holding the two strands of DNA together?

A

Helicase

46
Q

What is the enzymes that follows along behind newly positioned nucleotides, forming bonds between the sugars and phosphates of the backbone?

A

DNA polymerase

47
Q

What is the enzyme that aids in bonding the sugar of one RNA nucleotide to the phosphate of the next RNA nucleotide to form the mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

48
Q

What is the process of copying DNA to RNA?

A

Transcription

49
Q

What is the process of copying RNA to protein?

A

Translation

50
Q

What are the sections of DNA that are the instructions for making proteins?

A

Exons

51
Q

What are the sections of DNA that do not code for anything?

A

Introns

52
Q

What is the process of removing the introns of DNA and RNA and only adding the exons to form mRNA?

A

RNA splicing

53
Q

What is the cell cycle made up of?

A

Interphase (G1 [cell growth], S [DNA replication], G2 [cell growth]), Mitosis (cell division [prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis]), and G0 (rest phase that some cells will never enter and others will never leave).

54
Q

What is the imaginary line that runs down the center of the cell which the fibers line up on?

A

Equatorial plane (or metaphase plate)

55
Q

What is the beginning cell called before mitosis?

A

The parent cell

56
Q

What is the two end cells called after mitosis?

A

Daughter cells

57
Q

If the members of pairs of chromosomes are similar but not identical, what are they called?

A

Homologous chromosomes

Biology (20 decks)

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