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Biology > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Botany

A

The study of plants

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2
Q

Alternation of generation

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form

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3
Q

Vascular tissue

A

A system of tube-shaped cells branching throughout a plant that transports materials between roots and shoots

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4
Q

Dominant generation

A

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

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5
Q

Pollen

A

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

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6
Q

Cotyledon

A

A “seed leaf” that develops as a part of the seed; it provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant

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7
Q

Perennial plants

A

Plants that grow year after year

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8
Q

Annual plants

A

Plants that live for only one year

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9
Q

Biennial plants

A

Plants that live for two years

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10
Q

Perfect flowers

A

Flowers with both stamens and carpels

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11
Q

Imperfect flowers

A

Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

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12
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants

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13
Q

Double fertilization

A

A fertilization process that requires two sperms to fuse with two other cells

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14
Q

Seed

A

An ovule with a protective coating, encasing a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source

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15
Q

What is the dominant generation in the moss life cycle?

A

The gametophyte generation

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16
Q

A fern has antheridia and archegonia. Which part of the fern life cycle is it in? Is this the dominant generation?

A

The gametophyte generation, which is not the dominant generation for ferns

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17
Q

Why are bryophytes relatively small?

A

Since bryophytes have no vascular tissue, there is no efficient way to transport nutrients throughout the plant. The plant must therefore stay small so that the nutrients don’t need to travel so far

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18
Q

What are the male and female reproductive organs in a conifer tree?

A

The female reproductive organ is the seed cone, while the male is the pollen cone

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19
Q

A plant produces seed cones and pollen cones. Is it vascular? To what group does it belong?

A

A plant with seed cones and pollen cones belongs to the gymnosperms. It is vascular because bryophytes are the only nonvascular group

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20
Q

What groups does a plant that produces flowers belong in?

A

Angiosperms

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21
Q

What are the male and female reproductive organs of a flower?

A

The stamen for males and the carpel for females

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22
Q

Why are the pollen grains and embryo sacs of flowers considered the gametophyte generation in the alternation of generations life cycle?

A

Because both pollen grains and embryo sacs are multicellular, and both reproduce using gametes.

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23
Q

What two types of cells are found in a pollen grain?

A

At least one sperm cell and a tube nucleus (sometimes there may be two sperm cells) form after mitosis

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24
Q

Typically, how many cells are in an embryo sac? How many of them get fertilized?

A

Typically, there are seven cells in an embryo sac. Two of them gets fertilized, one of the small cells (becoming a zygote) and the big, double-nuclei cell (becoming an endosperm)

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25
Q

How many times does the megaspore undergo mitosis and what results afterward?

A

It undergoes mitosis three times to make eight nuclei. Six of the eight nuclei develops a cell wall around them, while the other two stay together in one big cell

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26
Q

What makes up the carpel?

A

The stigma, style, and ovary

27
Q

What makes up the stamen?

A

The anther and the filament

28
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

Pollination is simply the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, while fertilization is the act of the sperm and egg fusing together with the large central nucleus in the embryo sac.

29
Q

How many sperm cells are used in plant fertilization?

A

2

30
Q

Where does the endosperm come from? What is its purpose?

A

The endosperm comes from the fertilization of the large, two-nucleus cell that is at the center of the embryo sac. It provides nutrition for the developing embryo

31
Q

The cotyledon(s) help provide food for the plant before and often after germination. How do cotyledons accomplish each task?

A

They either absorb the endosperm (dicots) or aid in the transfer of nutrients from the endosperm to the embryo (monocots). This is how cotyledons provide a plant with nutrients before germination. After germination, they often perform the first photosynthesis in the plant

32
Q

What are the three basic parts of the plant embryo and what each gives rise to in germination?

A

The radicle (which becomes the root), the hypocotyl (which becomes the stem), and the epicotyl (which gives rise to the first true leaves of the plant)

33
Q

What is the purpose of a fruit?

A

To allow for the dispersal of seeds to places away from the parent

34
Q

What are some ways in which pollen is transferred from the stamens of one flower to the carpel of another?

A

There are many ways which include natural dispersion (like wind) and animals (bees, birds, butterflies, moths, beetles, and kinkajous!)

35
Q

Why are cotyledons sometimes called seed leaves?

A

They form leaf-like structures if they end up rising above ground with the seedling. They often even carry out photosynthesis for a while

36
Q

What are the main groups of bryophytes?

A

Mosses, hornworts, and liverwort

37
Q

What is the difference between bryophytes and tracheophytes?

A

Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue while tracheophytes do

38
Q

What are seedless (spore-producing) tracheophytes called?

A

Pteridophytes

39
Q

What is the haploid generation in plants called?

A

The gametophyte generation

40
Q

What is the diploid generation in plants called?

A

The sporophyte generation

41
Q

What are the three main groups of pteridophytes?

A

Horsetails, club mosses, and ferns

42
Q

What are the two groups of seed-producing plants (plus description)?

A

Gymnosperms, which are plants with seeds not inclosed in tissue (conifers), and angiosperms, which are plants with seeds that have a protective tissue (flowers)

43
Q

What are the basic parts of a flower?

A

The pedicel, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels make up the basic structure

44
Q

Monocots have flower parts in multiples of what?

A

Of three

45
Q

Dicots have flower parts in multiples of what?

A

Of four or five

46
Q

What is a composite flower?

A

A flower made up of several individual, tiny flowers

47
Q

What are the four haploid cells produced after meiosis for males called?

A

Microspores

48
Q

What is the process of the megaspore after it goes through mitosis?

A

Instead of splitting, it copies the DNA and makes another nucleus inside the same cell. This results in eight haploid nuclei in a single cell.

49
Q

What kind of way does certain flowers attract birds?

A

The bright red color of flowers attracts birds

50
Q

What kind of way does certain flowers attract bees?

A

The sweet odor of the petal attracts bees

51
Q

What kind of way does certain flowers attract beetles?

A

The bad odor of the petals attracts beetles

52
Q

What kind of way does certain flowers attract butterflies?

A

The smell and the wideness of the flower (for landing) attracts butterflies

53
Q

What kind of way does certain flowers attract moths?

A

The sweet odor and the grayish-white color of the flower that can be seen at night attract moths

54
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots have a single cotyledon, while dicots have two cotyledons

55
Q

What is a useful way to determine a flower?

A

Whether or not they are woody or herbaceous

56
Q

What is the stem that holds the flower called?

A

The pedicel

57
Q

What is the green leaflike structures above the pedicel called?

A

The sepals

58
Q

What is the “stalk” of the stamen called?

A

The filament

59
Q

What contains the pollen grains?

A

The anther

60
Q

What is the sticky part of the carpel designed for catching pollen grains called?

A

The stigma

61
Q

What is the extension of the ovary called?

A

The style

62
Q

Where does the embryo sac develop?

A

In the ovule

63
Q

Where is the ovule?

A

In the ovary

64
Q

What is the outer coating of the ovary called?

A

The receptacle

Biology (20 decks)

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