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Biology > Quarter 2 > Flashcards

Quarter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis

A

A process of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Link reactions

A

The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

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3
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A process of cellular respiration that takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria

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4
Q

Calvin cycle

A

A series of light independent reactions

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5
Q

NADPH and FADH2

A

Electron carriers used in cellular respiration

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6
Q

Interphase

A

The time between cell divisions where cells grow and chromosomes replicate

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

A figure showing metaphase chromosomes arranged by homologous pairs

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8
Q

Diploid cells

A

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Gametes

A

Cells containing one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA

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11
Q

Translation

A

The process of using RNA to make proteins

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12
Q

mRNA

A

The RNA that carries the information for protein synthesis

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13
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of duplicating DNA in preparation for cell division

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14
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype

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15
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous for that allele

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16
Q

Genotype

A

Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possess for a certain trait

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of an organism’s genes

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18
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

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19
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentration on two definable traits

20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes

21
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

An enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA only at a specific sequence of nucleotides

22
Q

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

An organism that has been genetically altered by humans

23
Q

Fossils

A

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

24
Q

Structural homology

A

The study of similar structures in different species

25
Q

Strata

A

Distinct layers of rock

26
Q

Macroevolution

A

The hypothesis that new and different organisms can, over eons of time and through natural selection, descend from a common ancestor

27
Q

Microevolution

A

The theory that more specialized species can, over time and through adaption and natural selection, descend from a common ancestor

28
Q

The immutability of species

A

The idea that each individual species on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change

29
Q

During cellular respiration, energy from the breakdown of food is stored in what?

A

ATP

30
Q

What produces the most ATP?

A

The electron transport chain

31
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

32
Q

What are the types of fermentation? Under what conditions is fermentation carried out?

A

Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. When there is no oxygen to use

33
Q

What are some differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration—oxygen is absorbed, CO is released, releases water
Photosynthesis—CO is absorbed, oxygen is released, uses water

34
Q

What are some similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

They are both are aerobic, produce energy, and have electron transport chains that produces ATP

35
Q

Where is photosynthesis found?

A

In the chloroplast (thylakoid and stroma)

36
Q

Where is cellular respiration found?

A

In the cytoplasm and mitochondria

37
Q

A cell’s DNA consists of 12 pairs of homologous chromosomes. What is its diploid and haploid number?

A

Diploid=24
Haploid=12

38
Q

Three cells that each has a diploid number of 32 goes through mitosis. How many cells result and how many total chromosomes are in each cell?

A

6 cells result and there are a total of 32 chromosomes

39
Q

Three cells that each has a diploid number of 32 go through meiosis. How many cells result and how many total chromosomes are in each cell?

A

12 cells result and there are a total of 16 chromosomes

40
Q

Which resembles mitosis most: meiosis I or meiosis II?

A

Meiosis II

41
Q

A haploid cell with duplicated chromosomes turns into two haploid cells with no duplicated chromosomes. Did the cell go through mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II?

A

Meiosis I

42
Q

A diploid cell with duplicated chromosomes turns into two diploid cells with no duplicated chromosomes. Did the cell go through mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II?

A

Mitosis

43
Q

A single diploid cell goes through meiosis. Only one useful gamete is produced. Did this meiosis take place in a male or female?

A

Female

44
Q

In humans the ability to roll one’s tongue is a dominant genetic trait. If R represents this allele and r represents the recessive allele, what are the possible genotypes for a person who can roll his tongue?

A

Rr and RR

45
Q

For a given trait, how many alleles does a normal gamete have? How many alleles does an autosome have?

A

A normal gamete has 1 allele. An autosome has 23 alleles

46
Q

Some creationists say that all the ideas set forth in Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species, are wrong. Why is this not true?

A

Because microevolution proves that the immutability of species is false, which is correct

Biology (20 decks)

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