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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The transfer of energy when a phosphate group is moved between molecules

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2
Q

Pigment

A

An organic compound that reflects specific light wavelengths producing color to plant or animal cells

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3
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A group of pigments (mostly composed of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) found in algae, green plants, and cyanobacteria. It is necessary for photosynthesis, allowing for the absorption of energy from light

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4
Q

Stroma

A

Gel-like fluid found inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast

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5
Q

Thylakoid

A

Dick-shaped sac suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts. It is the site of the light reaction of photosynthesis

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6
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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7
Q

Photosystem

A

A cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light energy

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8
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A series of electron-carrying molecules within a membrane that transfer electrons and release energy at each transfer

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9
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen

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10
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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11
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is split in half. Glycol- means to do with sugar, and -lysis means breakdown

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12
Q

Krebs cycle

A

The stage of cellular respiration where carbon dioxide is used to complete the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules, releasing energy

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13
Q

Fermentation

A

A cellular process producing ATP without oxygen

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14
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

In the bonds of the phosphate groups

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15
Q

Why is ATP better suited to provide the energy for cellular activities than glucose?

A

Because ATP doesn’t hold as much energy as glucose but still gives enough energy. Glucose holds a lot of energy but doesn’t give an appropriate amount of energy needed, resulting in glucose saving it

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16
Q

What is the benefit of the pigments in photosynthesis?

A

They absorb, transmit, or reflect certain colors of light that can either produce energy or be deflected, which turns the plant into that color

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17
Q

If you wanted to grow plants in a room with no windows, what colors of light would you choose to shine on the plants to maximize their photosynthetic potential?

A

Blue and red lights because chlorophyll absorbs blue + red light wavelengths and reflects green light wavelengths

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18
Q

What are the products of the light reactions?

A

ATP

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19
Q

What is considered waste in light reactions?

A

O2

20
Q

What moves on to the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

21
Q

How is ATP generated in the light reactions?

A

The H+ movement pushes the ADP and P together, forming ATP

22
Q

What is the function of NADPH?

A

To move to the Calvin cycle and supply some of the energy

23
Q

How is the design of the chloroplast suited to its function?

A

It has the thylakoid membrane which is the site of light reactions and the stroma, which is the site of the Calvin cycle

24
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in each stage of cellular respiration?

A

2 in glycolysis, 2 in the Krebs cycle, and 34 in the electron transport chain

25
Q

Why can we say that most life on earth is powered by the sun?

A

Because all of the organisms that eat plants gets its energy from the plant, which gets its energy from the sun

26
Q

What is the function of photosynthesis?

A

To make sunlight energy

27
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration?

A

To make ATP

28
Q

What type of cells is photosynthesis made in?

A

In the chloroplasts of plant cells (also algae and some bacteria)

29
Q

What type of cells is cellular respiration made in?

A

In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of both plant and animal cells

30
Q

Where is photosynthesis located?

A

In the thylakoid membrane and stroma

31
Q

Where is cellular respiration located?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix, outside mitochondria, and the folded membrane of the mitochondria

32
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis

A

CO2, H2O, and sunlight

33
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) and O2

34
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) and O2

35
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

CO2, H2O, and ATP

36
Q

What are the electron carrier molecules of photosynthesis?

A

NADPH

37
Q

What are the electron carrier molecules of cellular respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

38
Q

Is ATP synthase used to produce ATP in photosynthesis? If so, where?

A

Yes. At the end of ETC

39
Q

Is ATP synthase used to produce ATP in cellular respiration? If so, where?

A

Yes. At the end of ETC

40
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (sunlight) -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

41
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

42
Q

If a plant cell needs energy for endocytosis, what does it use and where does the energy come from?

A

ATP supplies the energy a plant cell needs for endocytosis. The ATP comes from cellular respiration when glucose is broken down and converted to ATP

43
Q

What is the difference between the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic fermentation is found in yeast and releases CO2 and ethyl alcohol as waste. Lactic acid fermentation is found in bacteria and human cells and releases lactic acid as waste

44
Q

How is ATP made during fermentation?

A

ATP is made from glycolysis without oxygen

45
Q

Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria. With your current knowledge of cellular respiration, can red blood cells breakdown glucose?

A

Yes. Because red blood cells can carry out glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, not the mitochondria

46
Q

List four foods made by fermentation

A

Bread, cheese, yogurt, pickles

Biology (20 decks)

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