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Biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume)

A

Matter

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2
Q

The number of protons in an atom - unique to each type of atom

A

Atomic Number

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3
Q

A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons

A

Elements

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4
Q

A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number

A

Periodic Table

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5
Q

One of several forms of an element, each containing the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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6
Q

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic mass

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7
Q

Chemical that results when two or more atoms join together chemically

A

Molecule

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8
Q

A molecule that contains atoms of at least two different elements

A

Compound

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9
Q

A chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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10
Q

Positively or negatively charged atom (or group of atoms) resulting from the transfer of electrons

A

Ion

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11
Q

Chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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12
Q

A molecule in which there is an unequal distribution of the negatively charged electrons causing a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other

A

Polar Compound

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13
Q

A weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom of another molecule (usually oxygen or nitrogen)

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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14
Q

Any substance in which other substances are dissolved

A

Solvent

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15
Q

A dissolved substance

A

Solute

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16
Q

A mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent

A

Solution

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17
Q

A solution in which water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

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18
Q

An attractive force that holds molecules of the same substance together

A

Cohesion

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19
Q

An attractive force that holds molecules of different substances together

A

Adhesion

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20
Q

The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature

A

Heat Capacity

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21
Q

Molecules found in living organisms that contain carbon in rings or long chains, attached to other atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus

A

Organic Molecules

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22
Q

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones

A

Biosynthesis

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23
Q

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

A

Isomers

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24
Q

Simple sugars; they are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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26
Q

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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27
Q

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

A

Dehydration Reaction

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28
Q

A polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in plants

A

Starch

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29
Q

A polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules stored in animals

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

A polysaccharide consisting of many glucose molecules found in the cell walls of plants

A

Cellulose

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31
Q

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

32
Q

Lacking any affinity to water, from Latin meaning “water-fearing”

A

Hydrophobic

33
Q

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

A

Saturated Fat

34
Q

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated Fat

35
Q

Lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

A

Steroid

36
Q

The basic building blocks of proteins each containing a carboxyl group and an amino group

A

Amino acids

37
Q

Attracts water molecules

A

Hydrophilic

38
Q

A covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein

A

Peptide Bond

39
Q

The energy needed to get reactions started

A

Activation Energy

40
Q

Area of an enzyme to which a specific substrate fits

A

Active Site

41
Q

A specific reactant acted on by an enzyme

A

Substrate

42
Q

The process in which the normal shape of a protein is lost, usually due to heat

A

Denaturation

43
Q

The building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

44
Q

Many amino acids bonded together forming part of a protein or the whole protein

A

Polypeptide

45
Q

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process

A

Catalyst

46
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

Protons, Electrons, Neutrons

47
Q

What is the difference between an element and an atom?

A

An atom is a single entity, determined by its number of protons, electrons, and neutrons while an element is a collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.

48
Q

How is an isotope related to an atom?

A

Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses

49
Q

Six biologically important elements that make up most of living matter

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Sulfur

50
Q

What do all isotopes of an element have in common?

A

The same number of protons

51
Q

What differences do all isotopes have?

A

The number of neutrons

52
Q

What design attribute of water allows for so many unusual, life-supporting properties?

A

Water’s polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds allow for its life-supporting properties

53
Q

What makes a water molecule polar?

A

The unequal distribution of the negatively charged elements causing a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other

54
Q

Water’s ability to attract other water molecules

A

Cohesion💧

55
Q

Water’s ability to absorb large amounts of thermal energy before its temperature increases

A

High heat capacity💧

56
Q

Water’s ability to float as a solid

A

Density💧

57
Q

Water’s ability to attract other polar substances

A

Adhesion💧

58
Q

Water’s ability to dissolve substances

A

Universal solvent💧

59
Q

Other than using catalyst, how can a reaction be sped up?

A

By increasing temperature

60
Q

What kind of reaction is used for building disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins?

A

Dehydration process

61
Q

What kind of reaction can break disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins down?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

62
Q

What look should I remember about acids?

A

O
||
C—OH

63
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

Acidity or alkalinity of a solution

64
Q

How do steroids differ from fats?

A

Steroids do not have long chain carbon skeletons

65
Q

Two functions steroids have in cells

A

They circulate in your body as chemical signals and are found in the membranes surrounding your cells

66
Q

What are the basic building blocks of protein, lipids, and polysaccharides?

A

Amino acids

67
Q

What are the basic parts of a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

68
Q

How does DNA store information?

A

By having all of the necessary information reduced to sequences of nucleotide bases

69
Q

What holds the two helixes in a DNA molecule together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases

70
Q

What is the term for the unraveling of enzymes when they are heated or exposed to a pH out of their optimal range?

A

Denaturation

71
Q

How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?

A

It breaks down the proteins into its constituent amino acids

72
Q

What are the four different types of nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

73
Q

Adenine 🔗 ?

A

Thymine

74
Q

Cytosine 🔗 ?

A

Guanine

75
Q

Guanine 🔗 ?

A

Cytosine

76
Q

Thymine 🔗 ?

A

Adenine

Biology (20 decks)

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