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Biology > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pseudopod

A

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion

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2
Q

Spore

A

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

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3
Q

Plankton

A

Tiny organisms that float in the water

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4
Q

Zooplankton

A

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoans

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5
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae

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6
Q

Pellicle

A

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Eyespot

A

A light-sensitive region in certain protists

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8
Q

Holdfast

A

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself

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9
Q

Sessile colony

A

A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object

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10
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell

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11
Q

Mycelium

A

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food

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12
Q

Hypha

A

A filament of fungal cells

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13
Q

Chitin

A

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

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14
Q

Zygospore

A

A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering

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15
Q

Membrane

A

A thin covering of tissue

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16
Q

Most protists are what?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

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17
Q

What genera contains organisms with chloroplasts?

A

Euglena and Spirogyra

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18
Q

What is the function of a contractile vacuole?

A

It collects excess water in a cell and releases it into the surroundings to reduce the pressure inside the cell.

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19
Q

How does amoeba move around?

A

By pseudopods

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20
Q

How does euglena move around?

A

By a flagellum

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21
Q

How does paramecium move around?

A

By beating cilia

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22
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista?

A

Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma, Balantidium coli, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma

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23
Q

Why do ciliates have two nuclei? What is the purpose of each?

A

Ciliates require so much energy that they must have a nucleus (called the macronucleus) devoted solely to metabolism and another small nucleus (the micronucleus) to control reproduction

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24
Q

What is the difference between conjugation that occurs between paramecia and conjugation that occurs between bacteria?

A

In conjugation between paramecia, there is a mutual exchange of DNA so that each paramecium gets new DNA. When bacteria conjugate, only one bacterium (the recipient) gets new DNA

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25
Q

What is unique about the way euglena obtain food?

A

They have chloroplasts and can produce its own food by photosynthesis or it lives on dead remains of other organisms

26
Q

When a slime mold forms a plasmodium, what type of organism does it resemble?

A

An amoeba

27
Q

What is the easiest way to get rid of slime molds?

A

By keeping the habitat dry

28
Q

What group of organisms is responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs on Earth? To what phylum do these organisms belong?

A

Diatoms, which belong to phylum Chrysophyta

29
Q

What are large deposits of diatom remains called? What are the two uses of these deposits?

A

Diatomaceous earth. Abrasives and filters

30
Q

What is red tide?

A

An algae bloom of dinoflagellates (which belong to phylum Pyrrophyta)

31
Q

What two groups of protists principally contain macroscopic algae?

A

The phyla Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta

32
Q

What substance produced by members of phylum Phaeophyta is useful for thickening ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, and jelly beans?

A

Alginic acid (or just algin) in their cell walls

33
Q

What is mycelium? What does it do?

A

It is intertwined branches of hyphae. It absorbs nutrients

34
Q

What is the difference between septate and non-septate hyphae?

A

Septate hyphae has cell walls to separate the cells while non-septate hyphae do not

35
Q

What is the difference between a rhizoid hypha and a stolon?

A

Rhizoid hyphae anchor, support, and release enzymes to digest food for the fungus. A stolon asexually reproduces to help grow the fungus

36
Q

What is the main difference between shelf fungi, puffballs, and mushrooms?

A

Where they form their spores

37
Q

Where do mushrooms form spores?

A

On basidia that exist in the gills of the cap

38
Q

Where do puffballs produce spores?

A

On basidia enclosed in a membrane

39
Q

Where do shelf fungi produce spores?

A

On basidia in pores on the fruiting body

40
Q

What are the three ways a bread mold can reproduce?

A

It can:
(1) Asexually reproduce when a stolon elongates and eventually starts another mycelium
(2) Asexually reproduce when a sporangiophore produces spores
(3) Sexually reproduce when hyphae of opposite mating types form a zygospore

41
Q

Name 9 maladies caused by pathogenic fungi

A

(1) crop damage from rusts or smuts
(2) Chestnut blight
(3) Dutch elm disease
(4) ergot of rye
(5) potato wart
(6) Athlete’s foot
(7) Ringworm
(8) Candida yeast fungal infections
(9) Cordyceps infections in insects

42
Q

Even though members of phylum Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) resemble members of other phyla in kingdom Fungi, what do they all have in common?

A

They all have no known mode of sexual reproduction

43
Q

What are the two major forms of mutualism in which fungi participate?

A

Lichens and mycorrhizae

44
Q

What is lichen?

A

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga. The alga produces food for both creatures via photosynthesis, and the fungus supports and protects the alga

45
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

A mutualistic relationship between a fungus’ mycelium and a plant’s root system. The mycelium takes nutrients from the root while it collects minerals from the soil and gives them to the root

46
Q

What main role do fungi play in every environment?

A

The decomposition of non-living organic matter and recycle nutrients

47
Q

What are diatoms’ cell wall composed of?

A

Silicon dioxide

48
Q

What is the largest green algae?

A

Seaweed

49
Q

What algae can live in the deepest of waters?

A

Red algae

50
Q

What is the characteristic of spores in common molds?

A

Spore formation in structures where hyphae fuse

51
Q

What is the characteristic of spores in sac fungi?

A

Spore formation in saclike structures

52
Q

What is the characteristic of spores in club fungi?

A

Spore formation in clublike structures

53
Q

What is the characteristic of spores in chytrids?

A

Spores with flagella

54
Q

What are the characteristics of spores in imperfect fungi?

A

They are not well characterized

55
Q

Animal-like protists are called what?

A

Protozoans

56
Q

Plant-like protists are called what?

A

Algea (and/or euglena, I can’t remember)

57
Q

Protozoans with pseudopods are called what?

A

Sarcodines

58
Q

Protozoans with flagella are called what?

A

Zooflagellates

59
Q

Protozoans with cilia are called what?

A

Ciliates

60
Q

Nonmotile protozoans (protozoans with no real means of locomotion) are called what?

A

Sporozoans

61
Q

What is the difference between cellular slime molds and acellular slime molds?

A

Cellular slime molds form a colony of individual cells, whereas the cells in acellular slime molds fuse together to form a large cell with many nuclei

Biology (20 decks)

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