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Immunoserology > QFR 5 > Flashcards

QFR 5 Flashcards

1
Q

●
are excellent antigens because of their:
○
High molecular weight
○
Structural complexity

A

Protein-based antigens

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2
Q

are inferior antigens because of their
relative simplicity and lack of structural
stability.

A

Lipids

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3
Q

are poor antigens because of relative
simplicity, molecular flexibility, and their
rapid degradation.

A

Nucleic acids

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4
Q

the more that your antigens
would
come
from
different
species of certain animals or
plants and they are introduced
to our system, the more that
they are likely to produce an
immune response within our
body

A

Foreigness

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5
Q

____________ or your own
antigens will not induce an
immune response within your body.
Because
it
will
be
contained
within your body
naturally

A

Autoantigens

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6
Q

a. the higher resistance an antigen is when
it comes to the different processes
within our body,then there is a chance
that that antigen could become an
immunogen.

b. But the higher the chances that your
antigen would be easily degraded, then
it is more likely that it will not induce an
immune response.

A

Degradability

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7
Q

a. the higher the molecular weight, the
better the molecule will function as an
antigen.

A

Molecular weight

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8
Q

a. If a molecule is an effective antigen,
__________________ is mandatory.
b. If a structure is unstable,the molecule
will be a poor antigen.

A

Structural stability

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9
Q

________________ are poor antigens
because they would not interact with our
immune system

A

Totally inert molecules

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10
Q

a. the more complex an antigen, the
greater is its effectiveness.
b. Proteins are better antigens compared
to the polymers of carbohydrates, your
polysaccharides, and even the different
polymers of lipids and nucleic acids.

A

Complexity

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11
Q

substances that are
presented into our
body, which is not
typically there.

A

Antigen

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12
Q

composed of different
biomolecules like
proteins,
polysaccharides,
lipids, and even
nucleic acids

A

Antigen

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13
Q

antigens that could
induce an immune
reaction within our
body mostly made up of
proteins and even
polysaccharides

A

Immunogen

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14
Q

substances that are non-immunogenic
but it can react with the products of a
specific immune response, even with no
antibody formation.
-
low molecular weight of less than
10,000 daltons that could never induce
an
immune
response
when
administered on their own.
-
But if it is coupled to a carrier molecule,
there is a higher chance that these
happens could be considered as an
immunogen.
-
property of antigenicity

A

Haptens

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15
Q

are derived from your own body or they
are derived from the same individua

A

Autoantigens

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16
Q

are antigens that are derived from a
different individual of the same species

A

Alloantigens

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17
Q

these are
antigens that are derived from different
species.

A

Xenogenic / heteroantigens

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18
Q

antigens that are found in unrelated
plants and animals, which can actually
cross-react with an antibody of another
that had induced the said immune
response or the induction of the
antibody production.

A

Heterophile antigens

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19
Q

These antigens are not seen by
the developing immune system
and
will
not
induce
self-tolerance

A

Sequestered

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20
Q

these are antigens that are
characteristic of one tissue or
cell only.

A

Tissue-specific antigens

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21
Q

do not directly stimulate the
production of Ab without the
help of T-cells

A

T-dependent

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22
Q

can directly stimulate without
T-cells

A

T-independent

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23
Q

able
to
elicit
T-lymphocyte
responses
by
circumventing
normal antigen processing and
presentation functions.

A

Super antigens

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24
Q

Proteins that have the ability to bind to an
invariant region of the class II MHC on an APC
and to crosslink this receptor to a T-cell through
binding to the variable region of the beta-chain
of the T-cell antigen receptor

A

Super antigens

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25
Q

Proteins produced by the body in
response to an antigen
-
Can react in observable means (e.g.
agglutination, flocculation, precipitation
techniques)
-
Observation of Ag–Ab interactions in
vitro is the main basis of most serologic
reactions
-
Aids in disease dx (hepatitis B, hepatitis
C, HIV)

A

Antibodies

26
Q

known to be great opsonins, also
known to activate the complement cascade

A

IgG and IgM

27
Q

-
directed against an antigen
within their own.
-
Basis of autoimmune diseases.

A

Autoantibody

28
Q

-
produced
because
of
the
introduction of antigens from the
same species.

A

Alloantibody

29
Q

produced to one heterophile Ag,
which will cross react with
antibodies to the other

A

Heterophile Antibody

30
Q

capable of reacting with many
RBCs

A

Polyagglutinin

31
Q

reacts to all reagent cells in an
Ab panels

A

Panagglutinin

32
Q

antibodies
can be formed after exposure to
environmental agents that are
similar to red cell antigens, such
as bacteria, dust, or pollen.
-
Sensitization through previous
transfusions,
pregnancy,
or
injections is not necessary

A

Naturally-occurring

33
Q

antibodies
formed
from
sensitization
-
Antigens
have
elicited
the
production of antibodies through
an immune response

A

Immune

34
Q

In cases of HDN (Hemolytic
Disease of the Newborn), when
the mother who is an Rh- tries
to produce an offspring with an
Rh+ male, the male could pass
on the Rh+ gene to their
offspring. Since the offspring
now has the RhD antigen on the
RBC, once the mother has
given birth, the bleeding will
introduce the RhD antigen to
her blood producing alloanti-D
which
will
remain
in
her
circulation.

A

Immune

35
Q

antibody that particulates in
agglutination reaction. IgM and
IgG

A

Agglutinin

36
Q

antibody that participates in
agglutination caused by red
cells. IgM and IgG, sometimes
even IgA

A

Hemagglutinin

37
Q

antibody that participates in
precipitation reactions

A

Precipitin

38
Q

a
substance
such
as
streptolysin O and streptolysin S
produced by most group A
strains
of
streptococci
that
disrupts the membrane integrity
of red blood cells, causing the
release of hemoglobin.

A

Hemolysin

39
Q

antibody does not produce any
visible reaction with the antigen
when combined with it, but
blocks
anything
else
from
reacting with its antigen.

A

Blocking antibody

40
Q

antibody which can take part
(directly)
in
agglutination
reactions. IgM are known to be
potent agglutinins

A

Complete antibody

41
Q

interacts at incubated temp
(37C).

A

Warm reacting

42
Q

What Ig is a warm reacting?

A

IgG

43
Q

actions observed at 4C to 22C

A

Cold reacting

44
Q

What Ig is cold reacting?

A

IgM

45
Q

antibody
that
can
cause
irreversible
leakage
of
cell
contents
that
occurs
after
membrane damage

A

Lysin

46
Q

antibody that is capable of
enhancing phagocytosis

A

Opsonin

47
Q

antibodies against viral surface
antigens, which can bind to the
free virus in the body to prevent
it from being absorbed and
invade cells. Also necessary for
the neutralization of viral toxins.

A

Neutralizing antibody

48
Q

Ab that can bind to Mast cells
and
Basophils
causing
an
allergic reaction

A

Allergic/reaginic antibody

49
Q

derived from a single
B-cell clone and are
produced as a single
class of
immunoglobulin with
specificity unique to
the antigenic
stimulus.
- more specific in
reaction

A

Monoclonal

50
Q

produced as different
classes of
immunoglobulins by
many B-cell clones in
response to an
antigen
- They could be a
just single class of
immunoglobulins or
multiple class of
immunoglobulins
that are produced
by multiple b cells
- more sensitive

A

Polyclonal

51
Q

refers to the heavy chain that determine
the Ig class

A

Isotype

52
Q

●
Minor variations in the constant region
●
E.g Allotypes occur in the four IgG
subclasses, in one IgA subclass, and in
the kappa light chain.

A

ALLOTYPES

53
Q

●
Variations in variable regions
that
could
affect the sensitivity and
specificity of antibodies
●
The amino terminal ends of both L and
H chains contain these regions, which
are essential to the formation of the
antigen-binding site

A

IDIOTYPE

54
Q

●
main antibody directed mechanism for
triggering complement activation
●
In the presence of IgM &IgG the
classical
complement
pathway
is
started.
●
What mediates the start of the classical
complement cascade would actually be
the presence of an antibody
on a
certain cell . (eg. bacterial cell, rbc)

A

Classical

55
Q

●
can destroy pathogens without an
antibody.
●
It acts as an early defense against
pathogens

A

Alternate

56
Q

What is the other name of the classical pathway?

A

properdin pathway

57
Q

●
represents another means
of
activating
.complement
without
antibody being present.
●
The main player in this pathway is the
presence
of
“mannose”
which
is
carbohydrate that is found commonly in
most of microbial cell walls

A

Mannose binding-lectin

58
Q

What are the roles of the complement
system in
a. Serologic reactions ?

A

It is necessary that sometimes complements are
inactivated in order to not see their interaction
which can heighten the sensitivity
of the test
result

59
Q

What are the roles of the complement
system in
b. Immune response?

A

omplement
proteins
are
mainly
involved in the lysis of pathogen or in some
cases they are involved in hemolysis where in
the rbc’s are destroyed because of the
attachment of some antibodies on rbc .

60
Q

More Ab (patient) excess than Ag
remedy: Serum dilution

A

Prozone

61
Q

Ag excess, less Ab (Patient) may
lead to false negative

A

Post zone

62
Q

there is an equal amount
of antibody and antigen that could cause lattice
formation which will allow us to see if there is an
antibody- antigen interaction.

A

Zone of equivalence

Immunoserology (21 decks)

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