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psyc345 exam1b Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two advantages of the statistical infrequency or violation of social norms definition of abnormal behavior?

A

Cutoff points and intuitive appeal.

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2
Q

What are the three disadvantages of the statistical infrequency or violation of social norms definition of abnormal behavior?

A

Choice of cutoff points, number of deviations, and cultural and developmental relativity.

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3
Q

What are the three ways to define abnormal behavior.

A

1)statistical infrequency or violation of social norms 2) subjective distress 3)disability, dysfunction, and impairment.

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4
Q

How do we define the disability, dysfunction, or impairment definition of abnormal behavior?

A

it must create some degree of social (interpersonal) or occupational (or educational) problems for the individual.

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5
Q

What is the advantage of the Dysfunction, or impairment definition of abnormal behavior?

A

it requires little inference.

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6
Q

What was the goal of the scientist practitioner model?

A

to be effective clinical psychologist one must have expertise in “thinking like a scientist”.

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7
Q

What is the goal of consultation and in teaching?

A

to increase the effectiveness of those to whom one’s efforts are directed by imparting to them some degree of expertise.

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8
Q

Name the 7 types of activities a clinical psychologist might do.

A

therapy/interventions, diagnosis/assessment, teaching, clinical supervision, research, consultation, and administration.

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9
Q

What is now the most frequent employment setting for clinical psychologist?

A

Private practice.

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10
Q

What is the second most common employment site for clinical psychologist?

A

University settings

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11
Q

what is the theoretical orientation break down?

A

29% Eclectic/integrative, 28% cognitive, 15% psychodynamic, and 10% behavioral.

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12
Q

What has happened to the percentage of psychodynamic clinicians over the years.

A

Their numbers have declined since the 60s from 35% down to 15%.

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13
Q

MMPI ?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

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14
Q

What was the first test that tried to say more than just what someone’s IQ is? Year?

A

MMPI 1943

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15
Q

Which era saw an explosion in IQ and personality test?

A

40s and 50s

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16
Q

Name an objective measures test.

A

MMPI

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17
Q

What is the approach to assessment in which test scores are interpreted using empirically based rules involving the contrast between an obtained score and the average score obtained from a large representative sample?

A

Nomothetic

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18
Q

When did radical behaviorism start to take hold?

A

1950s

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19
Q

Who claims that personality traits cannot be measured directly?

A

radical behaviorists.

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20
Q

dsm

What can be attributed to the resurgence of interest in the 80s and 90s in personality assessment?

A

the coverage of a variety of personality disorders in the DSM.

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21
Q

When was the first DSM published?

A

1952

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22
Q

An interview that consist of standard list of questions that are keyed to the diagnostic criteria for various disorders form the DSM is?

A

Structured diagnostic interviews

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23
Q

What kind of assessment would you use to evaluate relative strengths and deficits of patients based on empirically established brain behavior (test responses) relationships?

A

Neuropsychological

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24
Q

What are the two approaches used by contemporary neuropsychological assessment?

A

uniform group or battery, of test for all patients.

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25
In the 1990s what caused more accountable and more efficient service delivery?
Managed health care
26
What cause psychologist to first start providing mental services?
The great need after World War 2 and the shortage of military doctors including psychiatrist.
27
Who offered the first major alternative to psychoanalytic therapy?
Carl Rogers in 1951 with his book Client Centered Therapy
28
Aaron Beck developed what would ultimately become on of the most effective psychological treatments for psychological problems what is it called?
Cognitive Therapy
29
What was cognitive therapy first used to treat?
Depression
30
What kind of clinicians employ the techniques of more than one theoretical orientation, basing their selection on the particular problems presented by the individual client or patient?
Eclectics
31
What type of treatment has offered a way to communicate standardized set of techniques that have been demonstrated to reduce symptoms when studied in carefully controlled research studies?
Manualized forms of treatment
32
In a search for a more preventive approach what kind of psychology was developed?
Community and Health Psychology
33
a correlation of Zero means?
No LINEAR relationship. Could be a curve linear relationship
34
Is it possible to have perfect correlation and no causation?
YES, there could be a third or fourth unaccounted for variable.
35
What is the name of the primary outlet for research on psychological tests and measures used by clinical psychologist?
The journal Psychological Assessment
36
Which organization played a chief role in upgrading and building the profession of clinical psychology after WWII?
The Veterans Administration.
37
What event explicated the scientist practitioner model for training clinical psychologist?
The Boulder Conference in 1949
38
List the 5 components of the Boulder model.
1) training at University departments 2) psychologist first and clinicians second 3) clinical internships 4) competence in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and research 5) training shall end in a PhD
39
The schism in 1988 resulted in the creation of what?
The American Psychological Society now called the Association for Psychological Science.
40
During the first two years of training what is the major difference between a Psy.D. and a PhD?
No much
41
Are accredited (APA) professional schools the exception or the rule?
The exception.
42
when did the APA endorse the pursuit of prescription privileges?
1995
43
Tarasoff Case makes it clear a therapist must inform which parties about potential violence?
"All appropriate persons"
44
What is the most common type of ethical dilemmas faced by psychologists.
Confidentiality, breaking because of a potential risks to third parties.
45
the changes made to the DSM IV were based on ?
Empirical data.
46
What is Axis I
Clinical disorders or other conditions that may be focus of clinical attention
47
What is Axis II
personality disorders and mental retardation
48
what is Axis III
General medical conditions that are potentially relevant to the understanding or management of the individual's mental disorders
49
What is Axis IV
psychosocial and environmental problems
50
What is Axis VS.
global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale.
51
What are the 8 general issues in classification?
Categories vs. dimensions, bases of categorization, pragmatics of classification, description, reliability, validity, bias, coverage.
52
Describe categories vs. dimensions problem.
explanation can be supplanted by a circular form of description
53
The difference between so called normal behavior and psychotic behavior is a mater of what?
Degree not kind.
54
Give an example of the problem of pragmatics of classification.
The demise of homosexuality as a disease entity occurred through a vote of the psychiatric membership.
55
what is the problem of description of the DSM?
are the features of the diagnostic categories adequately described? Are the criteria objective?
56
How was the DSM III made to be more reliable?
Inclusion of specific and objective criteria for each disorder.
57
Content validity
the degree to which interview items adequately measur the various aspect of the variable or construct/
58
predictive balidity
the degree to which interview scores can predicit (correlate with) behavior or test scores that are observed or obtained at some point in the future.
59
concurrent validity
the exten to twhich interview scores are correltated with a related, but independent, set of test/interview scores or behaviors/
60
construct validity
the exten to which interview scores are correltated with other measures or behaviors in a logical and theoretically consistent way. This will involve a demonstration of both convergent and discriminant validity.
61
What are the two types of Criterion validity
predicitve and concurrent
62
List all possible types of Validity.
Content, Criterion which includes predictive and concurrent, constuct which includes convergent and discriminant.
63
An example corrolate for convergent validity would be?
close to plus or minus one
64
An example corrolate for discriminant validity would be?
close to Zero
65
Why do we diagnose?
To have a common language amoung professionals.
66
List some cost of labels. (downsides)
steroptypes, stigmatization, labels are sticky.
67
Define discriminant validity
unrelated to other meausres that should NOT be related.
68
define convergent validity
similar to other measure that should be related, either postively or negatively.
69
What makes Axis V different?
It is a rating of positive things. What is going well in someone's life.
70
What is the distinction between Axis one and Axis two?
Axis two is lifelong or nearly lifelong issues. Cronic patterns of behavior.
71
Which Axis represents a biopsshyco perspective?
Axis three
72
What is split half reliability
must cmpare compriable sections of a test.
73
Define internal consistency
how consistent are scores within a test.
74
Name four types of reliability.
Test retest, internal, split half, and interrater.
75
does a test have to always be reliable?
No somethings that we measure change with time.
76
what are some possible explanations for bad interrater reliability?
client bias, rater's bias, operational deffinition poorly defined, different questions asked, enviornment, medicatiions.
77
How does Deluty define construct validity?
is the construc underlying the theory inline with other related constucts.
78
What group of people have the most hostilty towards perscription previlages?
Clinical psychologist.

Cognitive PSYC Vocab (24 decks)

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