PSYC317CH3questions

Question 1

How is mental effort measured?

Answer 1

Amount of blood flow in parts of the brain as measured by an fMRI. (46)

Question 2

Describe Broadbent’s study.

Answer 2

Subjects wore headphones and heard different numbers in each ear. When asked to report back the numbers they listed them by ear.

Question 3

What is a limitation of the filter model?

Answer 3

the sensory store would have to last fairly long to operate as proposed by the filter model.

Question 4

Broadbents helped develop which model of attention?

Answer 4

The filter model.

Question 5

Shadowing helped to support which model?

Answer 5

Filter model.

Question 6

Who developed the idea of threshold and selective filter?

Answer 6

Treisman

Question 7

Can the threshold for specific words/topics be changed.

Answer 7

Yes, context and expectations can momentarily lower a threshold.

Question 8

Name the 5 people who explored the bottleneck theory.

Answer 8

Broadbent, Treisman, Deutsch and Deutsch, and Norman.

Question 9

Describe how Broadbent and Treisman vs. Deutsch and Deutsch and Norman view the bottleneck.

Answer 9

Broadbent and Treisman placed the bottleneck before pattern recognition, Deutsches and Norman placed the bottleneck after pattern recognition.

Question 10

Name the most important step in Broadbent’s model.

Answer 10

Sensory store to Filter

Question 11

Name the most important step in Treisman’s model.

Answer 11

Filter to Pattern Recognition.

Question 12

Name the most important step in Deutsches model.

Answer 12

Pattern Recognition to Selection.

Question 13

Can involuntary attention depend on voluntary attention?

Answer 13

YES

Question 14

What are Johnston and Heinz known for doing?

Answer 14

they demonstrated that flexibility of attention and the interaction between a bottlenecked capacity theory.

Question 15

How is Johnston and Heinz’s bottleneck theory different from earlier ones?

Answer 15

They propose that the subject has control over where the bottleneck occurs.

Question 16

According to the multimode theory what happens to capacity as selection occurs later.

Answer 16

More capacity is required of late mode selection.

Question 17

What are the three criteria proposed by Ponser and Snyder to determine if a skill is automatic?

Answer 17

1) occurs without intention. 2) does not give rise to conscious awareness. 3) does not interfere with other mental activities.

Question 18

Name two common automatic processing.

Answer 18

Riding a bike and reading.

Question 19

What question did the Stroop test help provide an answer to?

Answer 19

To what extent are our conscious intentions and strategies in control of the way information is processed in our minds.

Question 20

List four ways to improve memory.

Answer 20

Visual imagery, elaboration, organization, and verbal rehearsal.

Question 21

Name three kinds of incidental learning.

Answer 21

Frequency, spatial, temporal.

Question 22

Evidence for automatic encoding is strongest for what type of learning?

Answer 22

Frequency

Question 23

Which variable influences the automatic encoding of spatial and temporal information the most.

Answer 23

Complexity of the task.

Question 24

According to LaBerege and Samuels the ability to acquire complex, multi component skills such as reading depends on what?

Answer 24

The capability of automatic processing.

Question 25

What criterion did LaBerge and Samuels use to decide if a skill is automatic?

Answer 25

If it can be completed while attention is directed elsewhere.

Question 26

Strayer and Johnston tested what hypothesis?

Answer 26

That conversing with someone on a cell phone would impact driving skills.

Question 27

What are the three conditions used by Strayer and Johnston?

Answer 27

Listening to a radio, carrying on a conversation using a handheld phone, and carrying on a conversation using a hands free phone.

Question 28

What does Treisman mean by “Dictionary”?

Answer 28

We have list of words in our memory with varying degrees of importance to us.

Question 29

At what stage in attention does it become conscious?

Answer 29

Selection stage.

Question 30

What is the one way to increase attention/multitasking?

Answer 30

More automatic processes.

Question 31

Define momentary intentions

Answer 31

Things that you choice to attend to.

Question 32

How can you automate a process?

Answer 32

Practice.

Question 33

In Johnson and Heinz’s study which task had the quickest times?

Answer 33

The single list with no competition.

Question 34

What type of skills are most often automatic?

Answer 34

Motor skills.

Question 35

The Stroop test helps demonstrate what kind of processing?

Answer 35

Automatic.

Question 36

Why does the Stroop test slow us down?

Answer 36

Because we automatically read words.

Question 37

LaBerge was trying to show what?

Answer 37

How automation occurs with practice.

Question 38

What happened to the unfamiliar in Laberge’s study after 5 days?

Answer 38

They became familiar.

Question 39

In Strayer’s and Johnson’s study how many more misses happened while on the phone.

Answer 39

More than twice as many.

Question 40

What question was Wenger trying to answer?

Answer 40

How much can we control our attention.