PSYC317CH3questions Flashcards
How is mental effort measured?
Amount of blood flow in parts of the brain as measured by an fMRI. (46)
Describe Broadbent’s study.
Subjects wore headphones and heard different numbers in each ear. When asked to report back the numbers they listed them by ear.
What is a limitation of the filter model?
the sensory store would have to last fairly long to operate as proposed by the filter model.
Broadbents helped develop which model of attention?
The filter model.
Shadowing helped to support which model?
Filter model.
Who developed the idea of threshold and selective filter?
Treisman
Can the threshold for specific words/topics be changed.
Yes, context and expectations can momentarily lower a threshold.
Name the 5 people who explored the bottleneck theory.
Broadbent, Treisman, Deutsch and Deutsch, and Norman.
Describe how Broadbent and Treisman vs. Deutsch and Deutsch and Norman view the bottleneck.
Broadbent and Treisman placed the bottleneck before pattern recognition, Deutsches and Norman placed the bottleneck after pattern recognition.
Name the most important step in Broadbent’s model.
Sensory store to Filter
Name the most important step in Treisman’s model.
Filter to Pattern Recognition.
Name the most important step in Deutsches model.
Pattern Recognition to Selection.
Can involuntary attention depend on voluntary attention?
YES
What are Johnston and Heinz known for doing?
they demonstrated that flexibility of attention and the interaction between a bottlenecked capacity theory.
How is Johnston and Heinz’s bottleneck theory different from earlier ones?
They propose that the subject has control over where the bottleneck occurs.
According to the multimode theory what happens to capacity as selection occurs later.
More capacity is required of late mode selection.
What are the three criteria proposed by Ponser and Snyder to determine if a skill is automatic?
1) occurs without intention. 2) does not give rise to conscious awareness. 3) does not interfere with other mental activities.
Name two common automatic processing.
Riding a bike and reading.
What question did the Stroop test help provide an answer to?
To what extent are our conscious intentions and strategies in control of the way information is processed in our minds.
List four ways to improve memory.
Visual imagery, elaboration, organization, and verbal rehearsal.
Name three kinds of incidental learning.
Frequency, spatial, temporal.
Evidence for automatic encoding is strongest for what type of learning?
Frequency
Which variable influences the automatic encoding of spatial and temporal information the most.
Complexity of the task.
According to LaBerege and Samuels the ability to acquire complex, multi component skills such as reading depends on what?
The capability of automatic processing.
