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Cognitive PSYC Vocab > PSYC317CH3 > Flashcards

PSYC317CH3 Flashcards

1
Q

allocation of capacity

A

when limited amount of capacity is distributed to various task.

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2
Q

arousal

A

a physiological state that influences the distribution of mentally capacity to various tasks.

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3
Q

attenuation

A

a decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message.

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4
Q

automatic processing

A

performing mental operations that require very little mental effort.

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5
Q

bottleneck theory

A

a theory that attempts to explain how people select information when some information processing stage become overloaded with too much information.

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6
Q

capacity theory

A

a theory that proposes that we have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perfomr at the same time.

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7
Q

concentration

A

investing mental effort in one or more task.

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8
Q

contextual effect

A

the influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns.

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9
Q

enduring disposition

A

an automatic influence where people direct their attention

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10
Q

filter model

A

the proposition that bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage.

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11
Q

incidental learning

A

learning that occurs when we do not make a conscious effort to learn

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12
Q

late-selection model

A

proposal that the bottleneck occurs when information is selected for memory

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13
Q

limited-capacity perceptual channel

A

the pattern recognition stage of Broadbent’s model, which protected by the filter (attention) from becoming overloaded with too much perceptual information.

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14
Q

mental effort

A

the amount of mental capacity required to perform a task

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15
Q

momentary intention

A

a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain task or aspects of te environment

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16
Q

multimode theory

A

a theory that proposes that people’s intentions and the demands of the task determine the information-processing stage at which information is selected

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17
Q

selectivity

A

the selective aspects of attention we pay attention to some aspectsw of our environment and ignore other aspects

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18
Q

shadowing

A

an experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud

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19
Q

stroop effect

A

the finding that it takes longer to name the color of theink a work is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color (for example, the word red printed in blue ink)

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20
Q

subsidiary task

A

a task that typically measures how quickly people can react to target stimulus to evaluate the capcity demands of the primary task

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21
Q

threshold

A

the minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aw3are of a stimulus

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22
Q
A

Broadbent

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23
Q

How is mental effort measured?

A

Amount of blood flow in parts of the brain as measured by an fMRI. (46)

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24
Q

Describe Broadbent’s study.

A

Subjects wore headphones and heard different numbers in each ear. When asked to report back the numbers they listed them by ear.

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25
Q

What is a limitation of the filter model?

A

the sensory store would have to last fairly long to operate as proposed by the filter model.

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26
Q

Broadbents helped develop which model of attention?

A

The filter model.

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27
Q

Shadowing helped to support which model?

A

Filter model.

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28
Q

Who developed the idea of threshold and selective filter?

A

Treisman

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29
Q

Can the threshold for specific words/topics be changed.

A

Yes, context and expectations can momentarily lower a threshold.

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30
Q

Name the 5 people who explored the bottleneck theory.

A

Broadbent, Treisman, Deutsch and Deutsch, and Norman.

31
Q

Describe how Broadbent and Treisman vs. Deutsch and Deutsch and Norman view the bottleneck.

A

Broadbent and Treisman placed the bottleneck before pattern recognition, Deutsches and Norman placed the bottleneck after pattern recognition.

32
Q

Name the most important step in Broadbent’s model.

A

Sensory store to Filter

33
Q

Name the most important step in Treisman’s model.

A

Filter to Pattern Recognition.

34
Q

Name the most important step in Deutsches model.

A

Pattern Recognition to Selection.

35
Q

Can involuntary attention depend on voluntary attention?

A

YES

36
Q

What are Johnston and Heinz known for doing?

A

they demonstrated that flexibility of attention and the interaction between a bottlenecked capacity theory.

37
Q

How is Johnston and Heinz’s bottleneck theory different from earlier ones?

A

They propose that the subject has control over where the bottleneck occurs.

38
Q

According to the multimode theory what happens to capacity as selection occurs later.

A

More capacity is required of late mode selection.

39
Q

What are the three criteria proposed by Ponser and Snyder to determine if a skill is automatic?

A

1) occurs without intention. 2) does not give rise to conscious awareness. 3) does not interfere with other mental activities.

40
Q

Name two common automatic processing.

A

Riding a bike and reading.

41
Q

What question did the Stroop test help provide an answer to?

A

To what extent are our conscious intentions and strategies in control of the way information is processed in our minds.

42
Q

List four ways to improve memory.

A

Visual imagery, elaboration, organization, and verbal rehearsal.

43
Q

Name three kinds of incidental learning.

A

Frequency, spatial, temporal.

44
Q

Evidence for automatic encoding is strongest for what type of learning?

A

Frequency

45
Q

Which variable influences the automatic encoding of spatial and temporal information the most.

A

Complexity of the task.

46
Q

According to LaBerege and Samuels the ability to acquire complex, multi component skills such as reading depends on what?

A

The capability of automatic processing.

47
Q

What criterion did LaBerge and Samuels use to decide if a skill is automatic?

A

If it can be completed while attention is directed elsewhere.

48
Q

Strayer and Johnston tested what hypothesis?

A

That conversing with someone on a cell phone would impact driving skills.

49
Q

What are the three conditions used by Strayer and Johnston?

A

Listening to a radio, carrying on a conversation using a handheld phone, and carrying on a conversation using a hands free phone.

50
Q

What does Treisman mean by “Dictionary”?

A

We have list of words in our memory with varying degrees of importance to us.

51
Q

At what stage in attention does it become conscious?

A

Selection stage.

52
Q

What is the one way to increase attention/multitasking?

A

More automatic processes.

53
Q

Define momentary intentions

A

Things that you choice to attend to.

54
Q

How can you automate a process?

A

Practice.

55
Q

In Johnson and Heinz’s study which task had the quickest times?

A

The single list with no competition.

56
Q

What type of skills are most often automatic?

A

Motor skills.

57
Q

The Stroop test helps demonstrate what kind of processing?

A

Automatic.

58
Q

Why does the Stroop test slow us down?

A

Because we automatically read words.

59
Q

LaBerge was trying to show what?

A

How automation occurs with practice.

60
Q

What happened to the unfamiliar in Laberge’s study after 5 days?

A

They became familiar.

61
Q

In Strayer’s and Johnson’s study how many more misses happened while on the phone.

A

More than twice as many.

62
Q

What question was Wenger trying to answer?

A

How much can we control our attention.

63
Q

How do bottleneck theory and capacity theory differ in terms of simultaneous activites?

A

In how they attribute the causes of interference. Bottleneck assumes the mechanism required can only do one task at time. Capacity assumes interference occurs because demands of two activites exceed available capacity.

64
Q

Which theory did Kahneman support?

A

Capacity

65
Q

According to capacity theory when supply of attention does not meet the demands what happens?

A

the level of performance declines.

66
Q

What is the difference between enduring dispostions and momentary intentions?

A

Enduring is involuntary and momentary is conscious.

67
Q

Is there and interaction between involuntary attention and voountary attention?

A

YES.

68
Q

How does Johnson and Heinz view the bottleneck differently?

A

They see the that the listner has conrol over where the bottleneck occurs. From early to late mode of selection.

69
Q

Johnson and Heinz is known for which theory of attention?

A

MULTIMODE THEORY.

70
Q

What is a common procedure for measuring the amount of capacity required to perform a task?

A

Subsidiary task.

71
Q

Which theory suggest that attention is flexible?

A

Multimode

72
Q
A
73
Q

What was the implication of Johnston and Heinz study?

A

That decision making requires more attentional capacity, then selection based on sensory cures.

74
Q

describe the assumptions of Kahneman’s model

A

the amount of capacity available varies wit the level of arousal; more capacity is available when arousal is moderately high than when it is low.

Cognitive PSYC Vocab (24 decks)

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