PSYC317CH4

Question 1

absolute judgment task

Answer 1

identifying stimuli that vary along a single, sensory continuum.

Question 2

acoustic code

Answer 2

a memory code based on the sound of the stimulus

Question 3

acoustic confusion

Answer 3

an error that sounds like the correct answer

Question 4

central executive

Answer 4

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that manages the use of working meory.

Question 5

chunks

Answer 5

a cluster of items that has been stored as a unit

Question 6

decay theory

Answer 6

proposal that information is spontaneously lost over time, even when there is no interference from other material

Question 7

encode

Answer 7

to create a visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with the memory codes of items stored in short-term memory

Question 8

exhaustive search

Answer 8

a search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set

Question 9

interference theory

Answer 9

proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory

Question 10

lexical alteration

Answer 10

substituting a word with similar meaning for one of the words in a sentence

Question 11

memory set

Answer 11

a set of items in short-term memory that can be compared against a test itme to determine if the test item is stored there

Question 12

memory span

Answer 12

the number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items

Question 13

multimodal code

Answer 13

an integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes

Question 14

paraphrase

Answer 14

using different words to express the same ideas in a sentence

Question 15

phoneme

Answer 15

any of the basic sounds of a language that are combined to form speech.

Question 16

phonological loop

Answer 16

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information

Question 17

proactive interference

Answer 17

forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered before learning

Question 18

release from proactive interference

Answer 18

reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

Question 19

retroactive interference

Answer 19

forgetting that occurs because of interferencefrom material encountered before learning

Question 20

scan

Answer 20

to sequenctially compare a test item with items in short-term meomroy to determine if there’s a match

Question 21

sefl-terminating search

Answer 21

a search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully matched to an item in the memory set

Question 22

semantic alteration

Answer 22

changing the order of words in a sentence to change the meaning of the sentence

Question 23

semantic code

Answer 23

a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

Question 24

slope

Answer 24

a measure of how much response time changesfor each unit of change along the x-axis (memory-set size)

Question 25

subvocalizing

Answer 25

silently speaking to oneslef

Question 26

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 26

a component of Baddely's working memory model that maintains and manipulates viusual/spatial information

Question 27

working memory

Answer 27

the use of short-term memory as a temporary store of information needed to accomplish a particular task.

Question 28

Why did Petersons have the subjects count?

Answer 28

So they couldn't use rehearsal.

Question 29

Describe Conrad's experiment.

Answer 29

Participants were shown a string of letters. Mistakes were most likely made between letters with similar sounds.

Question 30

In Conrad's experiment did they make mistakes based on sound or on visual?

Answer 30

Sound.

Question 31

What is the name of the technique Waugh and Norman used?

Answer 31

Probe technique

Question 32

Describe the Probe technique and the researcher who used it.

Answer 32

A string of numbers is read off the last number is the probe number the subject then reports the number in the string that followed the probe number.

Question 33

What important thing about STM did Waugh and Norman discover.

Answer 33

That the number of items in STM is more important than the time interval.

Question 34

Describe Sternberg's Study.

Answer 34

Used the probe technique but measures the time of the response.

Question 35

Describe the main interpretation from Sternberg's study?

Answer 35

He discovered that we scan the memory set completely even once the answer is found.

Question 36

What did the probe measure in Sternberg's study?

Answer 36

Speed

Question 37

How many items in Sternberg's study?

Answer 37

1 to 4

Question 38

In Sternberg's study which took longer the regular or the degraded condition?

Answer 38

The degraded.

Question 39

Wicken's asked what question?

Answer 39

Are all you encoding into STM the sound?

Question 40

Describe the control and the experimental group in Wicken's experiment.

Answer 40

The control had list of numbers the experimental in the 4th trial were given word equivalents. Won instead of one, or ate instead of eight.

Question 41

Who first introduced the idea of a "memory chunk"?

Answer 41

George Miller.

Question 42

Name the five topics of Short-Term working memory covered in the text?

Answer 42

Forgetting, Capacity, Recognition of items in short term memory, working memory.

Question 43

What was the result of Peterson and Peterson's study?

Answer 43

The probability of a correct recall declined rapidly over the 18 second retention interval.

Question 44

How did a study to see which mattered more to STM interference or interval

Answer 44

Waugh and Norman

Question 45

What is the main difference between retroactive vs. proactive interference?

Answer 45

Weather it occurs before or after learning.

Question 46

What are the two most important characteristics that distinguish STM from LTM?

Answer 46

Rapid forgetting rate an limited capacity.

Question 47

What is the most common example of converting visual material into acoustic codes?

Answer 47

Reading.

Question 48

Name the three components of Baddeley model of working memory.

Answer 48

Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and center executive.

Question 49

Long till information is lost in STM if not rehearsed?

Answer 49

20 to 30 seconds.

Question 50

List the 5 properties of STM.

Answer 50

limited capacity, short duration, easily interfered with, stored serial position, acoustic encoded, interference more important than decay.

Question 51

Which is more important in STM interference or Decay?

Answer 51

Interference.

Question 52

What did Peterson and Peterson help to establish?

Answer 52

That STM has a rapid rate of forgetting.

Question 53

In Peterson and Peterson's experiment how many seconds until all was forgotten?

Answer 53

18 seconds.

Question 54

Waugh and Norman asked what question?

Answer 54

Does decay or interference cause forgetting in STM?

Question 55

What were Waugh and Norman's findings?

Answer 55

That interference matters more than decay in STM.

Question 56

What items cause the most interference in STM?

Answer 56

similar items.

Question 57

Keppel and Underwood discovered that in the Peterson and Peterson STM task participant perforce deteriorated over subsequent trails. What explains this?

Answer 57

proactive interference

Question 58

Name the four people who used chess players to study STM.

Answer 58

DeGroot, Chase, Simon, and Gilmartin.

Question 59

What idea did the studies of expert chess players develop?

Answer 59

Chunks

Question 60

Who used the absolute judgment task?

Answer 60

George Miller.

Question 61

Who best demonstrated Release from Proactive Interference?

Answer 61

Wicken's

Question 62

Which procedure did Groninger use?

Answer 62

The Peterson and Peterson STM counting backward technique.

Question 63

What was Groninger trying to find out?

Answer 63

Do mediators help STM.

Question 64

What is an example of a mediator in Groninger's study?

Answer 64

grl into girl or bmp into blimp

Question 65

Sternberg claimed that we scan the entire memory set before responding, what was his evidence of this.

Answer 65

1) response times for positive and negative responses were approximately the same. 2) response times were not influenced by the location of the matching digit in the memory set.

Question 66

What are the 4 components of Braddeley's model of working memory.

Answer 66

1) phonological loop 2) visuospatial sketchpad 3) central executive 4) episodic buffer

Question 67

What is the primary cause of forgetting in STM?

Answer 67

Interference.

Question 68

Who measured the boundaries of chunks by measuring pauses?

Answer 68

Chase and Simon

Question 69

How was the use of verbal rehearsal to maintain information in STM confirmed?

Answer 69

acoustic confusion errors that sound like the correct response.

Question 70

phonological loop is for.

Answer 70

maintaining and manipulating acoustic information

Question 71

visuospatial sketchpad is for

Answer 71

maintaining and manipulating visual/spatial information

Question 72

central executive is for

Answer 72

making decisions

Question 73

the episodic buffer is for

Answer 73

integrate different memory codes such as acoustic and visual codes.

Question 74

Cowan and Engle see working memory as what?

Answer 74

A component of STM.

Question 75

Who first used the chess reproduction task?

Answer 75

De Goot

Question 76

In Conrad's study subjects make mistakes on words that looked similar or sounded similar?

Answer 76

Sounded similar

Question 77

Was Sternberg concerned with correctness or speed?

Answer 77

Speed

Question 78

In Wickens study which condition was easier to remember "one" or "won?

Answer 78

WON

Question 79

George Miller developed which memory technique?

Answer 79

Chunk

Question 80

According to Kepple's study how many chunks can be remembered for 18 seconds while counting backward?

Answer 80

4 chunks

Question 81

Who studied chess?

Answer 81

Degroot.

Question 82

Intercept is a function of what?

Answer 82

Encoding process

Question 83

Define intercept

Answer 83

reaction time required to scan a memory set with no items in it.

Question 84

What are the two items required to determine whether a test item is in the memory set?

Answer 84

Encoding and Scanning

Question 85

Slope is a function of what?

Answer 85

the scanning process.