PSYC317 CH6 Flashcards
auditory-memory span
Number of items recalled from short-term memory following an auditory presentation of the items
clustering
Percentage of occasions in which a word is followed by its primary associate during the free recall of words
cued recall
Recall that occurs with hints or cues, such as providing the questions asked during the judgment phase of a task
distinctive item
An item different in appearance or meaning from other items
emotional distinctiveness
Items that produce an intense emotional reaction
encoding specificity principle
A theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item
fact-oriented acquisition
Encoding material in a manner that emphasizes factual knowledge without emphasizing its application
flashbulb memory
A memory of an important event that caused an emotional reaction
imprecise elaboration
Provision or generation of additional material unrelated to remembered material
incidental learning task
A task that requires people to make judgments about stimuli without knowing that they will later be tested on their recall of the stimuli
levels of processing
A theory that proposes that “deeper” (semantic) levels of processing enhance memory
maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsal that keeps information active in short-term memory
memory code
The format (physical, phonemic, semantic) of information encoded into memory
mood-dependent memory
Memory that is improved when people are tested under conditions that re-create their mood when they learned the material
noncued recall
Recall that occurs without hints or cues provided by the experimenter
orienting task
Instructions to focus on a particular aspect (physical, phonemic, semantic) of a stimulus
orthographic distinctiveness
Lowercase words that have an unusual shape
phonemic coding
A memory code that emphasizes the pronunciation of the stimulus
Name Craik’s three levels of processing?
Structural, Phonemic, Semantic
What was the purpose of Craik and Watkin’s study?
To vary the length of time a word would have to be maintained in STM.
What procedure did Craik and Watkin use in their study?
Students were told to listen to a series of word lists and, at the end of each list, report the last word beginning with a particular letter.
The results of Craik and Watkin’s study showed?
That rehearsal does not automatically cause learning.
Who first showed that rehearsal does not automatically cause learning?
Craik and Watkin
Who tested how effective verbal rehearsal is?
Craik and Watkin
