PSYC317 CH2-5 Rev. Flashcards by travis skadberg

a rule that determines how inhibitory and excitatory connections combine to determine the total activation of a concept

activation rule

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In Sperling’s model this store maintains verbal information in short-term memory through rehearsal.

auditory information store

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an exaggeration of distinctive feartures to make a pattern more distinctive

caricature

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a procedure in which observers have to specify which of two possible target patterns is present in a display

detection paradigm

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a feature present in one pattern but absent in another, aiding one’s discrimination of the two patterns

distinctive feature

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a positive association between concepts that belong together, as when a vertical line provides support for the possibility that a letter is K

excitatory connection

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a theory of pattern recognition that describes patterns in terms of their parts, or features

feature theory

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different three dimensional shapes that combine to form three dimensional patterns

geons

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a negative association between concepts that do not belong together, as when the presence of a vertical line provides negative evidence that a letter is a C

inhibitory connection

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a theory that proposes that both feature knowledge and word knowledge combine to provide information about the identity of letters in a word

interactive activation model

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the amount of time between the end of a stimulus and the beginning of another stimulus.

interstimulus interval

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a theory in which concepts (nodes) are linked to other concepts through excitatory and inhibitory connections

neural network model

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the format for representing conepts in semantic network

nodes

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when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

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carrying out more than one operation ata time, such as looking at an art exhibit and making conversation

parallel processing

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a task in which observers are cued to report only certain items in a display of items

partial-report procedure

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the stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified

pattern recognition

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a measure of the frequency with which two patterns are mistakenly identified as each other

perceptual confusion

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repeating verbal information to keep it active in short-term memory or to transfer it into long-term memory

rehersal

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the attention component of Sperling’s model that determines what is recognized in the visual informaion store

scan component

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the part of memory that hold unanalyzed sensory information for a fraction of a second, providing an opportunity for additinoal analysis following the physcial termination of stimulus

sensory store

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carrying out one operatino at a time, such as pronouncing one word at a time

serial processing

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a theory that specifies how the features of a pattern are joinded to other features of the pattern

structural theory

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a box that presents visual stimuli at a specified duration and level of illumination

tachistoscope

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an unanalyzed pattern that is matched against alternative patterns by using the degrees of overlap as a measure of similarity

template

a sensory store that maintains visual infomration for approximately one-quarter of a second

visual information store (VIS)

a task that requires observers to report everything they see ina display of items.

whole-report procedure

the finding that accuracy in recognizing a letter is higher when the letter isin a owrd than when it appears alone or isn a nonword

word superiority effect

when limited amount of capacity is distributed to various task.

allocation of capacity

a physiological state that influences the distribution of mentally capacity to various tasks.

arousal

a decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message.

attenuation

performing mental operations that require very little mental effort.

automatic processing

a theory that attempts to explain how people select information when some information processing stage become overloaded with too much information.

bottleneck theory

a theory that proposes that we have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perfomr at the same time.

capacity theory

investing mental effort in one or mor task.

concentration

the influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns.

contextual effect

an automatic influence where people direct their attention

enduring disposition

the proposition that bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage.

filter model

learning that occurs when we do not make a conscious effort to learn

incidental learning

proposal that the bottleneck occurs when information is selected for memory

late-selection model

the pattern recognition stage of Broadbent's model, which protected by the filter (attention) from becoming overloaded with too much perceptual information.

limited-capacity perceptual channel

the amount of mental capacity required to perform a task

mental effort

a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain task or aspects of te environment

momentary intention

a theory that proposes that people's intentions and the demands of the task determine the information-processing stage at which information is selected

multimode theory

the selective aspects of attention we pay attention to some aspectsw of our environment and ignore other aspects

selectivity

an experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud

shadowing

the finding that it takes longer to name the color of theink a work is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color (for example, the word red printed in blue ink)

stroop effect

a task that typically measures how quickly people can react to target stimulus to evaluate the capcity demands of the primary task

subsidiary task

the minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aw3are of a stimulus

threshold

identifying stimuli that vary along a single, sensory continuum.

absolute judgment task

a memory code based on the sound of the stimulus

acoustic code

an error that sounds like the correct answer

acoustic confusion

a component of Baddeley's working memory model that manages the use of working meory.

central executive

a cluster of items that has been stored as a unit

chunks

proposal that information is spontaneously lost over time, even when there is no interference from other material

decay theory

to create a visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with the memory codes of items stored in short-term memory

encode

a search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set

exhaustive search

proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory

interference theory

substituting a word with similar meaning for one of the words in a sentence

lexical alteration

a set of items in short-term memory that can be compared against a test itme to determine if the test item is stored there

memory set

the number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items

memory span

an integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes

multimodal code

using different words to express the same ideas in a sentence

paraphrase

any of the basic sounds of a language that are combined to form speech.

phoneme

a component of Baddeley's working memory model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information

phonological loop

forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered before learning

proactive interference

reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

release from proactive interference

forgetting that occurs because of interferencefrom material encountered before learning

retroactive interference

to sequenctially compare a test item with items in short-term meomroy to determine if there's a match

scan

a search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully matched to an item in the memory set

sefl-terminating search

changing the order of words in a sentence to change the meaning of the sentence

semantic alteration

a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

semantic code

a measure of how much response time changesfor each unit of change along the x-axis (memory-set size)

slope

silently speaking to oneslef

subvocalizing

a component of Baddely's working memory model that maintains and manipulates viusual/spatial information

visuospatial sketchpad

the use of short-term memory as a temporary store of information needed to accomplish a particular task.

working memory

semantic elaboration of information to make it easier to remember

coding

the use of cognitively based retrieval techniques to imporove recall

cognitive interview

a process that is influenced by a person's strategies

coneptually driven process

a strategy that determines how information is processed

control process

a process that is influenced by the stimulus material

data-driven process

a test that asks people to recall or recognize past events

direct memory test

memory of specific events, including when and where they occurred

episodic memory

memory evaluated by direct memory test

explicit memory

creating visual images to make material easier to remember.

imaging

memory evaluated by indirect memory tests

implicit memory

a test that does not explicitly ask about past events but is influenced by memory of past events

indirect memory test

storage of information in long-term memory

knowledge acquisition

memory that has no capacity limits and lasts from minutes to an entire lifetime.

long-term memory (LTM)

the selection of strategies for processing information

metacognition

a study of the tip-of the-tongue state in which people record these event as they occur outside the laboratory

naturalistic study

the better recall of words at the beginning of a list

primacy effect

facilitation in the detection or recognition of a stimulus by using prior information

priming

memory for actions, skills, and operations

procedural memory

the better recall of words at the end of a list

recency effect

deciding whether an item haad preciously occurred ina specified context

recognition memory

repeating verbal information to keep it active in short-term memory or to transfer it into long-term memory

rehersal

the ease with wich an item can be recalled

retrieval fluency

a strategy for recalling infomraiton from long-term memory

retrieval strategy

learning by repetition rather than through understanding

rote learning

memory of general knowledge not associated with a particular context

semantic memory

the ability to recall words at the beginning and end of a list better than words in the middle of the list

serial position effect

a terieval that occurs without making a conscious effort to recall information

spontaneous retrieval

a retrieval state in which a person feels he or she knows the information but cannot immediately retieve it to approximate the behavior of neural networks in the brain

tip of the tounge (TOT)