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Cognitive PSYC Vocab > PSYC317 CH2-5 Rev. > Flashcards

PSYC317 CH2-5 Rev. Flashcards

1
Q

a rule that determines how inhibitory and excitatory connections combine to determine the total activation of a concept

A

activation rule

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2
Q

In Sperling’s model this store maintains verbal information in short-term memory through rehearsal.

A

auditory information store

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3
Q

an exaggeration of distinctive feartures to make a pattern more distinctive

A

caricature

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4
Q

a procedure in which observers have to specify which of two possible target patterns is present in a display

A

detection paradigm

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5
Q

a feature present in one pattern but absent in another, aiding one’s discrimination of the two patterns

A

distinctive feature

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6
Q

a positive association between concepts that belong together, as when a vertical line provides support for the possibility that a letter is K

A

excitatory connection

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7
Q

a theory of pattern recognition that describes patterns in terms of their parts, or features

A

feature theory

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8
Q

different three dimensional shapes that combine to form three dimensional patterns

A

geons

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9
Q

a negative association between concepts that do not belong together, as when the presence of a vertical line provides negative evidence that a letter is a C

A

inhibitory connection

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10
Q

a theory that proposes that both feature knowledge and word knowledge combine to provide information about the identity of letters in a word

A

interactive activation model

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11
Q

the amount of time between the end of a stimulus and the beginning of another stimulus.

A

interstimulus interval

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12
Q

a theory in which concepts (nodes) are linked to other concepts through excitatory and inhibitory connections

A

neural network model

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13
Q

the format for representing conepts in semantic network

A

nodes

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14
Q

when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision

A

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

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15
Q

carrying out more than one operation ata time, such as looking at an art exhibit and making conversation

A

parallel processing

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16
Q

a task in which observers are cued to report only certain items in a display of items

A

partial-report procedure

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17
Q

the stage of perception during which a stimulus is identified

A

pattern recognition

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18
Q

a measure of the frequency with which two patterns are mistakenly identified as each other

A

perceptual confusion

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19
Q

repeating verbal information to keep it active in short-term memory or to transfer it into long-term memory

A

rehersal

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20
Q

the attention component of Sperling’s model that determines what is recognized in the visual informaion store

A

scan component

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21
Q

the part of memory that hold unanalyzed sensory information for a fraction of a second, providing an opportunity for additinoal analysis following the physcial termination of stimulus

A

sensory store

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22
Q

carrying out one operatino at a time, such as pronouncing one word at a time

A

serial processing

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23
Q

a theory that specifies how the features of a pattern are joinded to other features of the pattern

A

structural theory

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24
Q

a box that presents visual stimuli at a specified duration and level of illumination

A

tachistoscope

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25
Q

an unanalyzed pattern that is matched against alternative patterns by using the degrees of overlap as a measure of similarity

A

template

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26
Q

a sensory store that maintains visual infomration for approximately one-quarter of a second

A

visual information store (VIS)

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27
Q

a task that requires observers to report everything they see ina display of items.

A

whole-report procedure

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28
Q

the finding that accuracy in recognizing a letter is higher when the letter isin a owrd than when it appears alone or isn a nonword

A

word superiority effect

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29
Q

when limited amount of capacity is distributed to various task.

A

allocation of capacity

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30
Q

a physiological state that influences the distribution of mentally capacity to various tasks.

A

arousal

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31
Q

a decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message.

A

attenuation

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32
Q

performing mental operations that require very little mental effort.

A

automatic processing

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33
Q

a theory that attempts to explain how people select information when some information processing stage become overloaded with too much information.

A

bottleneck theory

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34
Q

a theory that proposes that we have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perfomr at the same time.

A

capacity theory

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35
Q

investing mental effort in one or mor task.

A

concentration

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36
Q

the influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns.

A

contextual effect

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37
Q

an automatic influence where people direct their attention

A

enduring disposition

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38
Q

the proposition that bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage.

A

filter model

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39
Q

learning that occurs when we do not make a conscious effort to learn

A

incidental learning

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40
Q

proposal that the bottleneck occurs when information is selected for memory

A

late-selection model

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41
Q

the pattern recognition stage of Broadbent’s model, which protected by the filter (attention) from becoming overloaded with too much perceptual information.

A

limited-capacity perceptual channel

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42
Q

the amount of mental capacity required to perform a task

A

mental effort

43
Q

a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain task or aspects of te environment

A

momentary intention

44
Q

a theory that proposes that people’s intentions and the demands of the task determine the information-processing stage at which information is selected

A

multimode theory

45
Q

the selective aspects of attention we pay attention to some aspectsw of our environment and ignore other aspects

A

selectivity

46
Q

an experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud

A

shadowing

47
Q

the finding that it takes longer to name the color of theink a work is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color (for example, the word red printed in blue ink)

A

stroop effect

48
Q

a task that typically measures how quickly people can react to target stimulus to evaluate the capcity demands of the primary task

A

subsidiary task

49
Q

the minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aw3are of a stimulus

A

threshold

50
Q

identifying stimuli that vary along a single, sensory continuum.

A

absolute judgment task

51
Q

a memory code based on the sound of the stimulus

A

acoustic code

52
Q

an error that sounds like the correct answer

A

acoustic confusion

53
Q

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that manages the use of working meory.

A

central executive

54
Q

a cluster of items that has been stored as a unit

A

chunks

55
Q

proposal that information is spontaneously lost over time, even when there is no interference from other material

A

decay theory

56
Q

to create a visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with the memory codes of items stored in short-term memory

A

encode

57
Q

a search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set

A

exhaustive search

58
Q

proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory

A

interference theory

59
Q

substituting a word with similar meaning for one of the words in a sentence

A

lexical alteration

60
Q

a set of items in short-term memory that can be compared against a test itme to determine if the test item is stored there

A

memory set

61
Q

the number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items

A

memory span

62
Q

an integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes

A

multimodal code

63
Q

using different words to express the same ideas in a sentence

A

paraphrase

64
Q

any of the basic sounds of a language that are combined to form speech.

A

phoneme

65
Q

a component of Baddeley’s working memory model that maintains and manipulates acoustic information

A

phonological loop

66
Q

forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered before learning

A

proactive interference

67
Q

reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material

A

release from proactive interference

68
Q

forgetting that occurs because of interferencefrom material encountered before learning

A

retroactive interference

69
Q

to sequenctially compare a test item with items in short-term meomroy to determine if there’s a match

A

scan

70
Q

a search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully matched to an item in the memory set

A

sefl-terminating search

71
Q

changing the order of words in a sentence to change the meaning of the sentence

A

semantic alteration

72
Q

a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

A

semantic code

73
Q

a measure of how much response time changesfor each unit of change along the x-axis (memory-set size)

A

slope

74
Q

silently speaking to oneslef

A

subvocalizing

75
Q

a component of Baddely’s working memory model that maintains and manipulates viusual/spatial information

A

visuospatial sketchpad

76
Q

the use of short-term memory as a temporary store of information needed to accomplish a particular task.

A

working memory

77
Q

semantic elaboration of information to make it easier to remember

A

coding

78
Q

the use of cognitively based retrieval techniques to imporove recall

A

cognitive interview

79
Q

a process that is influenced by a person’s strategies

A

coneptually driven process

80
Q

a strategy that determines how information is processed

A

control process

81
Q

a process that is influenced by the stimulus material

A

data-driven process

82
Q

a test that asks people to recall or recognize past events

A

direct memory test

83
Q

memory of specific events, including when and where they occurred

A

episodic memory

84
Q

memory evaluated by direct memory test

A

explicit memory

85
Q

creating visual images to make material easier to remember.

A

imaging

86
Q

memory evaluated by indirect memory tests

A

implicit memory

87
Q

a test that does not explicitly ask about past events but is influenced by memory of past events

A

indirect memory test

88
Q

storage of information in long-term memory

A

knowledge acquisition

89
Q

memory that has no capacity limits and lasts from minutes to an entire lifetime.

A

long-term memory (LTM)

90
Q

the selection of strategies for processing information

A

metacognition

91
Q

a study of the tip-of the-tongue state in which people record these event as they occur outside the laboratory

A

naturalistic study

92
Q

the better recall of words at the beginning of a list

A

primacy effect

93
Q

facilitation in the detection or recognition of a stimulus by using prior information

A

priming

94
Q

memory for actions, skills, and operations

A

procedural memory

95
Q

the better recall of words at the end of a list

A

recency effect

96
Q

deciding whether an item haad preciously occurred ina specified context

A

recognition memory

97
Q

repeating verbal information to keep it active in short-term memory or to transfer it into long-term memory

A

rehersal

98
Q

the ease with wich an item can be recalled

A

retrieval fluency

99
Q

a strategy for recalling infomraiton from long-term memory

A

retrieval strategy

100
Q

learning by repetition rather than through understanding

A

rote learning

101
Q

memory of general knowledge not associated with a particular context

A

semantic memory

102
Q

the ability to recall words at the beginning and end of a list better than words in the middle of the list

A

serial position effect

103
Q

a terieval that occurs without making a conscious effort to recall information

A

spontaneous retrieval

104
Q

a retrieval state in which a person feels he or she knows the information but cannot immediately retieve it to approximate the behavior of neural networks in the brain

A

tip of the tounge (TOT)

Cognitive PSYC Vocab (24 decks)

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