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AS level biology > proteins > Flashcards

proteins Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the general structure of amino acid?

*Include the general formula

A

an amine group on the left, a carboxylic acid group on the right and a carbon with hydrogen and an R in the middle

NH2-CHR-COOH

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2
Q

what does the R- side chain do?

A

provides the amino acid with their specific property

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3
Q

what type of bonds do protein have?

A

a peptide bond C-N

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4
Q

Describe the formation and breakage of a peptide bond

A

formation
: by condensation, a hydroxyl group from the carboxylic acid is removed including a hydrogen from the amine group to a di-peptide and a water molecule

breakage
: by hydrolysis, water molecule is added to reform the amino acid

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5
Q

what is the simplest amino acid including its formula

A

glycine

NH2-CH2-COOH

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6
Q

What are the 4 protein structures formed?

A

1- primary structure
2- secondary structure
3- tertiary structure
4- quaternary structure

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7
Q

describe the primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acid to form a poly peptide chain

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8
Q

how many types of amino acids are found?

A

20 types

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9
Q

what 2 types of shapes are found in the secondary structure?

A

1- alpha-helix

2- beta-sheet

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10
Q

describe the alpha-helix

A

the alpha helix is made when a hydrogen bond is formed between oxygen from the -CO group of an amino acid and hydrogen from the -NH group of another amino acid. The bond is formed every four amino acid

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11
Q

describe the beta-sheet

A

when a hydrogen bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen, instead of a alpha-helix being formed a beta-sheet is formed which is a loser form of alpha-helix

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12
Q

summarize the secondary structure

A

protein folding of a polypeptide chain to give either alpha-helix or beta-sheet

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13
Q

describe the tertiary structure

A

protein folding to form 3D shape with 4 bonds formed

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14
Q

what are 4 bonds which can be formed in protein?

A

1- hydrogen bond
2- ionic bond
3- covalent bond/disulfide bond
4- hydrophobic interactions

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15
Q

describe the hydrogen bond

A

bond formed between oxygen from -CO and hydrogen from -NH every four amino acid. the bond is not very strong but a lot of it is strong

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16
Q

describe the ionic bond

A

intermolecular forces between COO- and NH3+

which are not very strong

17
Q

describe the disulfide bond

A

the disulfide bond is a covalent bond which forms between 2 sulfur atoms forming strong intramolecular forces

18
Q

describe the hydrophobic interaction

A

non-polar groups cluster together away from water

19
Q

describe the quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains interacting where they are held by the 4 bonds

20
Q

What are the characteristic of globular proteins/ describe globular proteins
* explain each character

A

1- they are soluble
* contains the hydrophobic group in the center and hydrophilic group outside

2- physiological roles: working functions like enzymes, antibodies

3- spherical like shaped

21
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrous proteins

* explain each character

A

1- they are insoluble
2- long strands
3- have structural roles instead
* to make up parts in humans like hair, nails, muscles

22
Q

what type of protein is hemoglobin?

A

globular protein

23
Q

describe the structure of hemoglobin

A

a quaternary structure made up by 4 polypeptide chains where 2 are alpha- globin and another 2 are beta-globin. in each poly peptide chain, a haem group is found containing iron

24
Q

relate main function of hemoglobin to its structure

A

hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and are used to transport oxygen. in the haem group found in hemoglobin, an iron ion is found which oxygen molecules bind to to be transported.

25
Q

what are 2 things the haem group is responsible for?

A

1- the color of hemoglobin

2- binding oxygen molecules to iron allowing transportation

26
Q

what type of protein is collagen?

A

fibrous proteins

27
Q

describe the structure of collagen

A

a quaternary structure of 3 polypeptide chain of
alpha-helix where they wind together to form helices and have hydrogen bonds between them to maintain their structure. every 3rd amino acid is a glycine

28
Q

why is every 3rd amino acid a glycine in the collagen polypeptide chain

A

glycine is small allowing the 3 polypeptide chains to be closer together

29
Q

what are 3 functions of collagen related to its structure

A

1- flexible due to the helices shape
2- high tensile strength
3- collagen fibers are able to line up in different ways to withstand different forces

AS level biology (20 decks)

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