molecular biology

Question 1

what is molecular biology?

Answer 1

biology that deals with the study of structure and functions of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids

Question 2

what are the types of nucleic acid ?
* why they are named as such as well

Answer 2

1-deoxyribonucleic acid
* the 2nd carbon does not contain any oxygen
2- ribonucleic acid
* the 2nd carbon contains an oxygen in OH group

Question 3

what is a nucleic acid?

Answer 3

polymer of nucleotides and may be DNA or RNA

Question 4

what are the basic components of a nucleotide?

Answer 4

1- pentose sugar
2- nitrogenous base
3-phosphate group

Question 5

what is a nucleotide with 2 phosphate termed as?

Answer 5

deoxy adenosine diphosphate

Question 6

what is the nucleotide structure in RNA

Answer 6

1-pentose sugar: ribose
2- nitrogenous base: A,U and G,C
3- phosphate group

Question 7

what is the nucleotide structure in DNA?

Answer 7

1- pentose sugar: deoxy ribose
2- nitrogenous bases: A,T and G,C
3- phosphate group: can only have 1 phosphate

Question 8

what is a purine?

Answer 8

nitrogenous base with 2 rings

Question 9

what is a pyrimidine?

Answer 9

nitrogenous base with 1 ring

Question 10

what are examples of purine?

Answer 10

adenine and guanine

Question 11

what are examples of pyrimidine?

Answer 11

thymine, uracil and cytosine

Question 12

what does a purine always pair with?

Answer 12

a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine

Question 13

how are phosphodiester bonds made?

Answer 13

via condensation of nucleotides to remove water, where an OH group is lost from the 5th carbon on a nucleotide and a H is lost from the 3rd carbon atom from another nucleotide

Question 14

between which carbon atoms does a phosphodiester bond form?

Answer 14

the 3rd and 5th carbon atom of 2 different nucleotides

Question 15

what types of bond is formed between nitrogenous bases?

Answer 15

hydrogen bond

Question 16

where are triple hydrogen bond formed?

Answer 16

in guanine and cytosine

Question 17

where are double bond hydrogen bond formed?

Answer 17

in adenine and thymine

Question 18

what is the complementary base pairing for this sequence?
*GCAT
RNA

Answer 18

GCAT
CGUA

Question 19

what are the types of RNA?

Answer 19

1- messenger rna
2- ribosomal rna
3- transfer rna

Question 20

how many DNA molecule is each chromatid made up of?

Answer 20

each chromatid is made up of 1 DNA molecule

Question 21

what is a P arm and Q arm of a chromosome?

Answer 21

a P arm is the shorter arm of a chromosome
a Q arm is the longer arm of a chromosome

Question 22

what is the centromere?

Answer 22

a protein junction

Question 23

define genome

Answer 23

complete set of genetic information of an organism

Question 24

define genomics

Answer 24

branch of molecular biology that deals with the structure, mapping, function and evolution of genome

Question 25

what is the purpose of genomics?

Answer 25

study of complex diseases which are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors

Question 26

examples of complex diseases

Answer 26

-cancer
-asthma
-diabetes
-heart disease

Question 27

what is a central dogma?

Answer 27

states that
1- DNA to RNA is transcription
2- RNA to protein is translation

Question 28

outline DNA replication

Answer 28

1- unwinding of the DNA
: the DNA helicase, breaks the hydrogen bonds
2: complementary base pairings
: the DNA polymerase, pairs up free nucleotides with its complementary base and new hydrogen bond is formed