molecular biology Flashcards
what is molecular biology?
biology that deals with the study of structure and functions of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids
what are the types of nucleic acid ?
* why they are named as such as well
1-deoxyribonucleic acid
* the 2nd carbon does not contain any oxygen
2- ribonucleic acid
* the 2nd carbon contains an oxygen in OH group
what is a nucleic acid?
polymer of nucleotides and may be DNA or RNA
what are the basic components of a nucleotide?
1- pentose sugar
2- nitrogenous base
3-phosphate group
what is a nucleotide with 2 phosphate termed as?
deoxy adenosine diphosphate
what is the nucleotide structure in RNA
1-pentose sugar: ribose
2- nitrogenous base: A,U and G,C
3- phosphate group
what is the nucleotide structure in DNA?
1- pentose sugar: deoxy ribose
2- nitrogenous bases: A,T and G,C
3- phosphate group: can only have 1 phosphate
what is a purine?
nitrogenous base with 2 rings
what is a pyrimidine?
nitrogenous base with 1 ring
what are examples of purine?
adenine and guanine
what are examples of pyrimidine?
thymine, uracil and cytosine
what does a purine always pair with?
a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine
how are phosphodiester bonds made?
via condensation of nucleotides to remove water, where an OH group is lost from the 5th carbon on a nucleotide and a H is lost from the 3rd carbon atom from another nucleotide
between which carbon atoms does a phosphodiester bond form?
the 3rd and 5th carbon atom of 2 different nucleotides
what types of bond is formed between nitrogenous bases?
hydrogen bond
where are triple hydrogen bond formed?
in guanine and cytosine
where are double bond hydrogen bond formed?
in adenine and thymine
what is the complementary base pairing for this sequence?
*GCAT
RNA
GCAT
CGUA
what are the types of RNA?
1- messenger rna
2- ribosomal rna
3- transfer rna
how many DNA molecule is each chromatid made up of?
each chromatid is made up of 1 DNA molecule
what is a P arm and Q arm of a chromosome?
a P arm is the shorter arm of a chromosome
a Q arm is the longer arm of a chromosome
what is the centromere?
a protein junction
define genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
define genomics
branch of molecular biology that deals with the structure, mapping, function and evolution of genome
what is the purpose of genomics?
study of complex diseases which are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors
examples of complex diseases
-cancer
-asthma
-diabetes
-heart disease
what is a central dogma?
states that
1- DNA to RNA is transcription
2- RNA to protein is translation
outline DNA replication
1- unwinding of the DNA
: the DNA helicase, breaks the hydrogen bonds
2: complementary base pairings
: the DNA polymerase, pairs up free nucleotides with its complementary base and new hydrogen bond is formed
