bacteria-detailed

Question 1

what are 5 features of bacteria

Answer 1

1-they are prokaryotes
2-contains circular DNA and plasmid
3-unicellular
4- both heterotrophs and autotrophs
5- different shapes and size

Question 2

what is the difference between circular DNA and plasmid?

Answer 2

circular DNA
-controls function within the bacteria

plasmid
- extra chromosomal DNA

Question 3

What are the methods of asexual and sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

asexual-binary fission
sexual-conjugation

Question 4

what is conjugation?

Answer 4

sharing of genetic material via the pili

Question 5

describe conjugation

Answer 5

1- pili from F+ cell attaches to F- cell and brings it close

2-part of Fertility factor is cut and transported to F- cell

3-In the F+, replication of single strands occurs as its being transported

4- The F- cell replicates the single strand to become F+

Question 6

what is the plasmid called in conjugation?

Answer 6

F factor [ fertility factor]

Question 7

describe binary fission

Answer 7

1- origin of replication opens and both of them move to opposite sides as DNA replication occurs
2-cell elongates and septum forms
3- once septum is formed, 2 daughter cells are produced

Question 8

what is the origin of replication?

Answer 8

part of the plasmid where replication first occurs

Question 9

what is the purpose of an endospore?

Answer 9

allow bacteria who aren’t extremophiles to survive harsh environments

Question 10

describe the steps of endospore formation

Answer 10

1-replication and stretching of DNA forming an axial filament
2- one side of the division sites win and a septum forms
3- the larger cell membrane engulfs the smaller one
4-destruction of mother cell and final changes occur
5- release of the spore

Question 11

describe how the destruction of mother cell DNA happens and the final changes in endospore formation

Answer 11

1- the mother DNA gets destroyed
2- the spore will have a cortex made up of thick peptidoglycan
3- inside the cortex, dipicolinic acid is produced
4- the cortex surrounded by a coating of protein

Question 12

what does a final spore contain?

Answer 12

its DNA material, surrounded by dipicolinic acid in a cortex of peptidoglycan and is surrounded by a protein coat

Question 13

what are 3 advantages of bacteria?

Answer 13

1- decomposers
2-used in food production; bread
3-involved in nitrogen fixation

Question 14

what disease does bacteria cause in humans?

Answer 14

1- salmonella
2- typhoid

Question 15

what disease does bacteria cause in plants?

Answer 15

1- galls[bubble growing on the plant]
2- leaf spot

Question 16

what are the 3 ways of transmission of bacterial pathogen?

Answer 16

1- in contaminated water and food
2- in droplets
3- by animal vectors

Question 17

what disease happens in these type of bacterial transmissions
1- contaminated water and food
2- in droplets
3- in animal vectors

Answer 17

1-salmonella and typhoid
2-bacterial meningitis and pneumonia
3- bubonic plague and typhus

Question 18

what are 5 features of salmonella?

Answer 18

1-produces hydrogen sulfide
2-enterobacteriaceae
3- oxidase negative
4-1-7 micrometers in length
5- gram negative
6- motile

Question 19

what does it mean for bacteria to be gram negative?

Answer 19

does not retain the crystal violet stain and appear to be pink instead of purple

Question 20

what does oxidase negative mean?

Answer 20

do not contain the cytochrome C oxidase enzyme

Question 21

what is the classification of salmonella?

Answer 21

genus: salmonella
kingdom: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
class: gamma proteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales
family: Enterobacteriaceae

Question 22

how is salmonella transmitted?

Answer 22

via fecal oral-route

Question 23

what are 3 symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 23

1- vomiting
2- diarrhea
3- intestinal cramps
4- headache
5- rash

Question 24

what are 2 facts about salmonella?

Answer 24

1- liver enzymes increase after taking antibiotic
2- decrease in white blood cells and platelets

Question 25

what are ways of diagnosis of salmonella?

Answer 25

diagnosis
1- taking history of the disease
2- sample of bacteria from blood or feacses

Question 26

what are the treatments of salmonella?

Answer 26

rehydration of the body

Question 27

what are 2 ways to hydrate the body for salmonella treatment?

Answer 27

1- medicine orally
2- medicine injected into veins

Question 28

what are 3 ways of prevention of salmonella?

Answer 28

1- personal hygiene
2- freeze meat produce
3- cook the food thoroughly
4-keep food clean
5-wash hands