bacteria-detailed Flashcards
what are 5 features of bacteria
1-they are prokaryotes
2-contains circular DNA and plasmid
3-unicellular
4- both heterotrophs and autotrophs
5- different shapes and size
what is the difference between circular DNA and plasmid?
circular DNA
-controls function within the bacteria
plasmid
- extra chromosomal DNA
What are the methods of asexual and sexual reproduction?
asexual-binary fission
sexual-conjugation
what is conjugation?
sharing of genetic material via the pili
describe conjugation
1- pili from F+ cell attaches to F- cell and brings it close
2-part of Fertility factor is cut and transported to F- cell
3-In the F+, replication of single strands occurs as its being transported
4- The F- cell replicates the single strand to become F+
what is the plasmid called in conjugation?
F factor [ fertility factor]
describe binary fission
1- origin of replication opens and both of them move to opposite sides as DNA replication occurs
2-cell elongates and septum forms
3- once septum is formed, 2 daughter cells are produced
what is the origin of replication?
part of the plasmid where replication first occurs
what is the purpose of an endospore?
allow bacteria who aren’t extremophiles to survive harsh environments
describe the steps of endospore formation
1-replication and stretching of DNA forming an axial filament
2- one side of the division sites win and a septum forms
3- the larger cell membrane engulfs the smaller one
4-destruction of mother cell and final changes occur
5- release of the spore
describe how the destruction of mother cell DNA happens and the final changes in endospore formation
1- the mother DNA gets destroyed
2- the spore will have a cortex made up of thick peptidoglycan
3- inside the cortex, dipicolinic acid is produced
4- the cortex surrounded by a coating of protein
what does a final spore contain?
its DNA material, surrounded by dipicolinic acid in a cortex of peptidoglycan and is surrounded by a protein coat
what are 3 advantages of bacteria?
1- decomposers
2-used in food production; bread
3-involved in nitrogen fixation
what disease does bacteria cause in humans?
1- salmonella
2- typhoid
what disease does bacteria cause in plants?
1- galls[bubble growing on the plant]
2- leaf spot
what are the 3 ways of transmission of bacterial pathogen?
1- in contaminated water and food
2- in droplets
3- by animal vectors
what disease happens in these type of bacterial transmissions
1- contaminated water and food
2- in droplets
3- in animal vectors
1-salmonella and typhoid
2-bacterial meningitis and pneumonia
3- bubonic plague and typhus
what are 5 features of salmonella?
1-produces hydrogen sulfide
2-enterobacteriaceae
3- oxidase negative
4-1-7 micrometers in length
5- gram negative
6- motile
what does it mean for bacteria to be gram negative?
does not retain the crystal violet stain and appear to be pink instead of purple
what does oxidase negative mean?
do not contain the cytochrome C oxidase enzyme
what is the classification of salmonella?
genus: salmonella
kingdom: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
class: gamma proteobacteria
order: enterobacteriales
family: Enterobacteriaceae
how is salmonella transmitted?
via fecal oral-route
what are 3 symptoms of salmonella?
1- vomiting
2- diarrhea
3- intestinal cramps
4- headache
5- rash
what are 2 facts about salmonella?
1- liver enzymes increase after taking antibiotic
2- decrease in white blood cells and platelets
what are ways of diagnosis of salmonella?
diagnosis
1- taking history of the disease
2- sample of bacteria from blood or feacses
what are the treatments of salmonella?
rehydration of the body
what are 2 ways to hydrate the body for salmonella treatment?
1- medicine orally
2- medicine injected into veins
what are 3 ways of prevention of salmonella?
1- personal hygiene
2- freeze meat produce
3- cook the food thoroughly
4-keep food clean
5-wash hands
