enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are biological catalyst?

A

molecules which speed the rate of reactions

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2
Q

are all enzymes biological catalyst?

A

yes all enzymes are biological catalyst but not all catalyst are enzymes

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3
Q

what type of proteins are enzymes?

A

globular protein

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4
Q

describe the 2 type of enzymes which can be found

A

1- intercellular enzymes
: enzymes which catalyze a reaction within cells2- extracellular enzymes
: enzymes which catalyze reactions outside of the cell

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5
Q

how exactly does an enzyme work?

A

an enzyme works by lowering the activation energy which is the minimum amount of energy needed for successful collision to occur

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6
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of enzymes?

A

1- lock and key mechanism

2- induced fit mechanism

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7
Q

define lock and key mechanism

A

the lock and key mechanism is where the active site of an enzyme has a very specific shape and can only bind to 1 substrate

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8
Q

define induced fit mechanism

A

the induced fit mechanism is where the active site of an enzyme is able to change slightly to fit onto a substrate

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9
Q

what is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

an enzyme substrate is the structure which forms when the substrate has binded to the active site of an enzyme

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10
Q

what are factors effecting rate of reaction

A
PH concentration
temperature
enzyme concentration
substrate concentration
inhibitor concentration
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11
Q

describe how enzyme concentration effects rate of reaction?

A

as the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases only if there is more than enough substrate

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12
Q

describe how substrate concentration effects rate of reaction

A

initially, as the substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases until the point of saturation where it remains constant

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13
Q

what does saturated enzyme mean?

A

enzyme whose active site are occupied by substrate molecules

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14
Q

what is Vmax?

A

Vmax is when enzymes reach their maximum rate as all enzymes become saturated

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15
Q

what is Km?

A

Michaels men-tent constant which is corresponding X value of 1/2Vmaxx

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16
Q

what affinity?

A

enzymes binding with substrate/ enzymes recognition of a specific substrate

17
Q

what is the relationship between Km, Vmax and affinity?

A

the greater the Km, the greater the 1/2Vmax where a fast reaction occurs with only higher substrate concentration= having lower affinity

18
Q

what is a buffer solution including how it works?

A

a buffer solution is used to maintain PH levels by secreting ions

19
Q

describe how PH and temperature affects rate of reaction

A

as PH and temperature increases, rate of reaction increases to its optimum and then decreases due to denaturation of enzymes

20
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

inhibitor which binds to the active site preventing the binding of substrate to active site

21
Q

what is non-competitive inhibitor?

A

inhibitor which binds to an allosteric site changing the active site of the enzyme

22
Q

describe the benefit of non-competitive inhibitor in ending product production

A

once enough products are made, the inhibitor binds to the allosteric site changing the shape of the active site preventing products from being formed

23
Q

describe the benefit of non-competitive inhibitor in formation of product

A

once products made are used, the inhibitor un-binds from the allosteric site restoring active site shape allowing more products to be made

24
Q

what is the relationship of substrate and competitive inhibitors?

A

the more substrate there is, the more likely it will bind to active site instead of competitive inhibitors

25
Q

what is the relationship of substrate and non-competitive inhibitors?

A

the amount of substrate does not matter as active site has already been changed

26
Q

what are the characteristics of competitive inhibitor against no inhibitor?
*including explanation

A

1- same Vmax
: As the substrate increases, less inhibitor binds to the active site allowing reaction to occur normally

2- high Km
: Initially there were more inhibitors than substrate slowing the reaction down causing a higher Km= lower enzyme affinity

27
Q

what are the characteristics of non- competitive inhibitor against no inhibitor?
*including explanation

A

1-lower Vmax
: the inhibitors disabled the enzyme preventing its maximum rate to be reached

2- same Km
: Despite the disabled enzymes, the working ones were able to work just as well as the no inhibitor reaction causing same km= same affinity

28
Q

what are immobilized enzymes?

A

enzymes trapped within an inert material unable to move

29
Q

what are methods to immobilize enzymes?

A

1- entrapment

2-ionice/covalent bonding

30
Q

what are 5 advantages of immobilizing enzymes

A

1- no contamination of products and enzyme
*products are extracted and enzymes don’t move
2- enzymes can be recovered and re-used
*enzymes found easily and used
3- good for continuous operations
4- greater enzyme stability in varying PH and temp
*protected by the unreactive material
5-many enzymes can react at once in a cell

31
Q

what is a colorimeter?

A

measures rate of activity involving colors by seeing the color intensity of a solution

32
Q

describe how a colorimeter works

A
  • a specific color/wavelength from a light source is directed towards the sample
  • the sample absorbs the specific color
  • an output is given showing how much light was absorbed
  • a link between light absorbed and color intensity can be made depending on the experiment