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AS level biology > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

building blocks/subunits joined together to form a polymer

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a huge molecule made by joining the same monomers together

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3
Q

what is a macromolecule?

A

a giant molecule made by joining monomers together

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4
Q

what is the difference between a macromolecule and polymer

A

a polymer is made up of the same monomer while macromolecules may be formed from different types of monomers

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5
Q

what is a monosaccharide and 3 examples ?

A

one sugar molecule such as

  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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6
Q

what is a disaccharide and give 3 examples?

A

two sugar molecules made via a glycosidic bond such as:

  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
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7
Q

what are sucrose, maltose and lactose made up of?

A

sucrose= glucose + fructose
lactose= glucose + galactose
maltose=glucose + glucose

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8
Q

what is a polysaccharide and 3 examples?

A

carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide via glycosidic bond

1- starch
2- cellulose
3-chitin

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9
Q

example of 3 reducing sugar and 1 non-reducing sugar

A

reducing sugar

  • maltose
  • glucose
  • fructose

non-reducing
-sucrose

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10
Q

what is the role of covalent bonds?

A

the bond use to join small molecules together to form a polymer

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of glucose?

A

alpha-glucose

beta-glucose

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12
Q

describe the structure of alpha-glucose

A

alpha glucose exist in ring shape with carbons represented by a line except for carbon 6 found on the top and the hydroxyl group is found on the bottom of carbon 1

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13
Q

describe the structure of beta-glucose

A

beta glucose exist in ring shape with carbons represented by a line except for carbon 6 found on the top and the hydroxyl group is found on the top of carbon 1

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14
Q

what type of reaction is used to make glycosidic bonds?

A

condensation reaction

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15
Q

what is a glycosdic bond including the overall equation

A

a glycosidic bond is formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from one sugar molecule followed by the removal of the hydroxyle group from another to form water. the left over bond of the oxygen is known as the glycosidic bond

overall equation
HO+OH=H^20+O(the glycosidic bond)

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16
Q

explain the formation of a glycosidic bond with reference to disaccharide and polysaccharide

A

disaccharide
- a hydrogen atom from one sugar molecule is lost and a hydroxyl group from the other to make water. this leaves Oxygen bonded to the 2 sugar molecules. this bond is known as the glycosidic bond

polysaccharide
- made up of many monosaccharide using the glycosidc bond in the same way

17
Q

what are polysaccharides used for storage and structural purposes?

A

storage

  • glycogen
  • starch

structure

  • chitin
  • cellulose
18
Q

what is used to make starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

19
Q

describe the structure of what starch is made up of.

A

amylose
-unbranched straight chain of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

amylopectin
-branched chain of amylose (alpha-1,4glycosidic bond)
and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds

20
Q

what are uses of starch and glycogen?

A

to release energy

21
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

similar to amylopectin, where there are alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds. glycogen is more branched due to having more of alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds

22
Q

what type of glucose is cellulose made up of?

A

beta-glucose

23
Q

describe how cellulose is made and relate it to its function as a cell wall.

A

by condensation where every second glucose molecule is flipped to form cellulose via glycosidic bonds and a hydrogen bond is formed between the unbranched cellulose molecules to make up the cellulose fibre

24
Q

why does every second glucose molecule need to be flipped in beta-glucose

A

to make sure that all the hydroxyl group are aligned to be able to form the glycosidic bond

25
Q

why is cellulose used as plant cell wall?

A

cellulose is very strong therefore it is able to withstand the pressure of contents of the cell and not burst

26
Q

why are reducing sugar called REDUCING sugars

A

they contain the reducing group which can reduce copper sulphate into copper oxide.

27
Q

why cant non-reducing sugars be tested only by benedict solution?

A

the non-reducing sugars do not contain the reducing group as it is used in the formation of the glycosidic bond.

28
Q

why can non-reducing sugars be tested by benedict solution only after acid hydrolysis

A

by acid hydrolysis, the glycosidic bonds are broken to form the monomers again, which would contain the reducing group to reduce copper sulphate to copper oxide

29
Q

What are 3 groups that can be the reducing sugar group

A

1- aldehyde
2-ketone
3-carbonyl

AS level biology (20 decks)

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