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PH151 > Prokaryotes (part 2) > Flashcards

Prokaryotes (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Cell Envelope

A

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Functions of cell wall

A 
Give shape and rigidity
Contributes to pathogenicity
Protection
Site of action of antibiotics
Used to differentiate bacteria
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3
Q

Cross-linking of cell wall

A

Transpeptidase

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4
Q

Prokaryotes Division

A

Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes

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5
Q

Thin cells walls, implying a gram negative type cell wall

A

Gracilicutes

Cyanobacteria

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6
Q

Thick and strong skin, indicating gram positive type cell wall

A

Firmicutes

Cyanobacteria

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7
Q

Pliable and soft nature, indicating the lack of a rigid cell wall

A

Tenericutes

Mycoplasmas

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8
Q

With unusual cell wall, lack conventional peptidoglycan

A

Mendosicutes

Archaea

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9
Q

A polymer of disaccharides linked by polypeptides found in the cell wall of bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Another name for peptidoglycan

A

Murein

Mucopeptide

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11
Q

Two molecules that make up the peptidoglycan

A

NAG and NAM

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12
Q

NAG

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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13
Q

NAM

A

N-acetylmuramic

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14
Q

Has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive bacteria

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15
Q

Space between cell wall and cell membrane

A

Periplasmic space

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16
Q

Consist primarily of an alcohol and phosphate

A

Teichoic Acid

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17
Q

Function of the Teichoic Acid

A

Bind and regulate the movement of positive ions into and out of the cell

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18
Q

Two types of teichoic acid

A

Lipoteichoic acid

Wall teichoic acid

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19
Q

Spans the peptidoglycan layer

Linked to the plasma membrane

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

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20
Q

Linked to the peptidoglycan layer

A

Wall teichoic acid

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21
Q

Contains one or a very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

A

Gram negative bacteria

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22
Q

Region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

A

Periplasm

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23
Q

Found in the periplasmic space in gram negative bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Gram positive characteristics

A

Thick PG
With TA
Without OM

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25
Q

Gram negative characteristics

A

Thin PG
Without TA
With OM

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26
Q

Outer membrane compositions

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids

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27
Q

Acts as an antigen
Distinguishes between species
Buried within the OM

A

LPS

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28
Q

Functions as endotoxin when cell dies

Responsible for the symptoms assoiciated with infections by G(-) bacteria

A

Lipid A

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29
Q

Importance of LPS

A

Imparts strong negative charge
Stabilization of membrane
Acts as endotoxin
Protective barrier

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30
Q

Gram stain mechanism

A

Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

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31
Q

Gram positive genera that show an increasing number of gram negative cells as the culture ages

A

Gram variable cells

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32
Q

Damage cell wall by hydrolyzing linkages between NAM and NAG residues

A

Lysozyme

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33
Q

Penicillin and its derivatives

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

34
Q

Cell with no cell wall

A

Protoplast

35
Q

Cell with incomplete cell wall

A

Spheroplast

36
Q

Wall-less bacteria

Contains sterols in plasma membrane

A

Mycoplasmas

37
Q

Cell walls with high concentrations (60%) of mycolic acid

A

Acid-fast cell walls

38
Q

Genus withh acid-fast cell walls

A

Mycobacterium

39
Q

Prevents uptake of dyes

A

Mycolic acid

40
Q

A stain that penetrates acid-fast bacterial cell wall most effectively when heated

A

Carbol fuchsin

41
Q

Organism lacking or with atypical cell wall
Lack muramic acid and D-amino acids
Lack peptidoglycan

42
Q

Complex heteropolysaccharides

A

Pseudomurein

43
Q

Highly organized, assymetric, flexible, and dynamic

Contains lipids and proteins

A

Cell membrane

44
Q

Lacking in bacterial cell membrane

45
Q

Sterol-like molecules which stabilize the bacterial membrane

46
Q

Three types of proteins

A

Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins

47
Q

Properties of peripheral proteins

A 
Easily removed by mild treatment
Found at inner or outer surface of membrane
May function as enzymes
Support
Mediators of changes in shape
48
Q

Properties of integral proteins

A

Can be removed from the membrane only after disrupting the lipid bilayer using detergents etc.

49
Q

Properties of transmembrane proteins

A

Penetrate membrane completely

Could have channels which substance can enter and exit the cell

50
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

Separation of cell
Selectively permeable barrier
Detection and response to chemicals

51
Q

Contains pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis in some bacteria

A

Chromatophores

52
Q

In-foldings of the plasma membrane that extend to the cytoplasm

A

Chromatophores

53
Q

In-foldings of the plasma membrane

Not true cell structures

54
Q

Extremely resistant to heat denaturation

A

Lipid monolayer membranes

55
Q

Bacteria cell membrane characteristics

A

Lipid bilayer
Ester-linked lipids
Straight chain fatty acids

56
Q

Archaea cell membrane characteristics

A

Lipid monolayer
Ether-linked lipids
Branched fatty acid

57
Q

Intercellular structure

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Ribosomes
Inclusion bodies
Endospores
58
Q 
Lacks unit membrane-bound organelles
Largely water (80-90%)
59
Q

Made up 60% of DNA, some RNA and protein

60
Q

Other names for nucleoid

A

Nuclear region
Chromatin body
Nuclear body

61
Q

Circular DNA which carry genes which confer drag resistance, pathogenicity, new metabolic activities
Used for gene manipulation

62
Q

Types of ribosomes

A

Matrix ribosomes

Plasma membrane ribosomes

63
Q

Synthesis of proteins that will remain in the cell

A

Matrix ribosomes

64
Q

Synthesis of proteins for transport outside the cell

A

Plasma membrane ribosomes

65
Q

Inclusin bodies

A 
Glycogen/starch
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Cyanophycin
Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles
Magnetosomes (inorganic)
Volutin (inorganic)
Sulfur granules (inorganic)
66
Q

Stored carbon and energy source

A

Glyogen/starch

67
Q

Lipid-like, stored carbon and energy source

A

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

68
Q

Stored nitrogen source

Polymer of amino acids

A

Cyanophycin

69
Q

Contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation

A

Carboxysomes

70
Q

Impermeable to water but permeable to gas

Provides buoyanct for aquatic bacteria

A

Gas vacuoles

71
Q

Allows orientation for navigation towards nutrients

Not a storage product

A

Magnetosomes

72
Q

Metachromatic granules

Polphosphate reservoir

73
Q

Energy and electron source

A

Sulfur granules

74
Q

Also know as “resting cells”

Dormant in gram positive bacteria

A

Endospores

75
Q

Made up of thick proteins around the outside membrane

A

Spore coat

76
Q

Found in endospore

A 
Dipicolinic acid (DPA)
Calcium ions
77
Q

Protects endospore DNA against damage

78
Q

Transformation/Germination Steps in Endospores:

A

Activation
Germination
Outgrowth

79
Q

Triggered by high heat

A

Germination

80
Q

Small triggering molecules in germination

A

Germinants

81
Q

Example of germinants

A

Alanine
Inosine
Nucletide

PH151 (15 decks)

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