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PH151 > Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Science concerned with hereditary and variation

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Most common bacterial reproduction and important in bacterial growth cycle

A

Asexual Mode

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3
Q

Exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form combination of genes in a chromose

A

Gene recombination

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4
Q

Change in the base sequence of cell/organism which may occur naturally or through induction by agents

A

Mutations

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5
Q

Bacteral reproduction where bacteria are not differentiated to somatic or gametic cells

A

Sexual Mode

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6
Q

2 functional/mating types

A

Donor (male)

Recipient (female)

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7
Q

Involves a unidirectional transfer of a portion of DNA from donor or recipient

A

Sexual Mode

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8
Q

Gene transfer =

A

Genetic recombination

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9
Q

Genetic recombination =

A

Changes

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10
Q

Changes =

A

Variations

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11
Q

Metods of genetic transfer

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Protoplast Fusion

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12
Q

Transfer of genetic information via cell-to-cell contact

A

Conjugation

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13
Q

Extra chromosal, independently replicating DNA found in bacteria and yeasts

A

Plasmids

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14
Q

Plasmid that can exist with or without being integrated into the host’s chromosome

A

Episome

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15
Q

Have genes for sex pili (transfer gene)

A

Conjugative plasmids

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16
Q

Fertility factor - genes for cell attachment, genes for transfer

A

F factor

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17
Q

Contains extra chromosomal F factor (donor)

A

F+

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18
Q

No F factor (recipient)

A

F-

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19
Q

High frequency of recombination
F factor integrated into bacterial chromosme
Donor

A

Hfr

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20
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes by viruses (most common mechanism)

A

Transduction

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21
Q

Two kinds of transduction

A

Generalized

Specialized / Restricted

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22
Q

Occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent and temperate viruses
Host DNA derived from any portion of the host genome becomes a part of the DNA of the virion in place of the virus’ genome

A

Generalized Transduction

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23
Q

Occurs only in some temperate viruses

Involves transfer of specific region of the host chromosome into the virus replacing some of the viral genes

A

Specialized / Restricted Transduction

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24
Q

Uptake by a cell of a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and the incorporation of this molecule into the recipient chromosome
Contact with competent cell (able to take up DNA)

A

Transformation

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25
Q

Used in microorganisms with NO known conjugation system

Enzymes are used to digest cell wall to produce protoplasts

A

Protoplast Fusion

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26
Q

Industrially important aerobic organisms that convert ethanol into acetic acid (vinegar)

A

Acetobacter

Gluconobacter

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27
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites
Responsible for a number of diseases known as the spotted fever group

A

Rickettsia sp.

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28
Q

Causes endemic murine typhus

A

R. typhi

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29
Q

Rickettsia-like bacteria that live obligately within white blood cells
Trabsmitted by ticks to humans and cause ehrlichiosis

A

Ehrlichia sp.

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30
Q

Freshwater microorganism

A

Caulobacter

Hyphomicrobium

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31
Q

Agriculturally important bacteria

A

Rhizobium
Bradyrhizobium
Agrobacterium

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32
Q

Small nonmotile coccobacilli

Obligate parasites and cause brucellosis

A

Brucella sp.

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33
Q

Genera of nitrifying bacteria that are of great importance to the environment and to agriculture

A

Nitrobacter

Nitrosomonas

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34
Q

Most common infectious bacterial genus in the world

Live only inside the cells of their hosts

A

Wolbachia

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35
Q

Found mainly in freshwater

A

Spirillum

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36
Q

Pseudomonas-like, aerobic

A

Burkholderia

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37
Q

Best known species of Burkholderia and has an extraordinary nutritional spectrum and is capable of degrading more than 100 different organic molecules. These bacteria may actually grow in disinfectant solutions.

A

Burkholderia cepacia

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38
Q

Aerobic

A

Neisseria

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39
Q

Causative agent of gonorrhoea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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40
Q

Agent of meningococcal meningitis

A

N. meningitidis

41
Q

Aerobic rods or cocci with polar flagella

A

Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

42
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Free living in soil

A

Azotobacter

Azomonas

43
Q

Strictly aerobic coccobacilli

A

Moraxella

44
Q

Implicated in conjunctivitis

A

Moraxella lacunata

45
Q

Aerobic and typically forms pairs

Occurs naturally in soil and water

A

Acinetobacter

46
Q

Increasing concern to the medical community because of rapidity with which it becomes resistant to antibiotics

A

Acinetobacter baumanii

47
Q

Originally isolated during a search for the cause of an outbreak of pneumonia now known as legionellosis

A

Legionella

48
Q

Require mammalian host to reproduce

Most commonly transmitted by contaminated milk

A

Coxiella

49
Q

Causes Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetii

50
Q

Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods

Found mostly in aquatic habitats

A

Vibrio

51
Q

Causative agent of cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

52
Q

Causes a less serious form of gastroenteritis

Transmitted to humans mostly by raw or undercooked shellfish

A

V. parahaemolyticus

53
Q

Facultative anaerobic, gram negative rods that are if motile, peritrichously flagellated

A

Enterobacteriales

e.g. escherichia, salmonella, shigella etc.

54
Q

Very important genus of pathogenic bacteria

A

Haemophilus

55
Q

Cause of meningitis in young children and is a frequent cause of earaches
Causes epiglottis

A

Haemophilus influenzae

56
Q

The best studied sulfur reducing genus

Found in aerobic sediments and in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals

A

Desulfovibrio

57
Q

Microaerophilic vibrios

Each cell has one polar flagellum

A

Campylobacter

58
Q

Causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals

A

Campylobacter fetus

59
Q

A leading cause of outbreak of foodborne intestinal disease

A

Campylobacter jejuni

60
Q

Microaerophilic curved roots with multiple flagella

A

Helicobacter

61
Q

Identified as the most common cause of peptic ulcers in humans and a cause of stomach cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori

62
Q

Pathogenic bacteria that may cause trachoma (one of the most common cause of blindness)

A

Chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis

63
Q

Live in human intestinal tract in numbers approaching 1 billion per gram of feces; Nonmotile

A

Bacteroides

64
Q

Long, slender, gram negative rods with pointed rather than blunt ends
Found most often in the gingival crevice of the gums and may be responsible for some dental abscesses

A

Fusobacterium

65
Q

A spirochetes

A

Treponema

66
Q

Cause of syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

67
Q

Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease, serious diseases that are usually transmitted by ticks or lice

A

Borrelia

68
Q

Causes leptospirosis

A disease usually spread to humans by water contaminated

A

Leptospira

69
Q

Exceptionally resistant to radiation, even more so than endospores

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

70
Q

A bacterium is unusually heat stable

It was isolated from a hot spring in yellowstone national park

A

Thermus aquaticus

71
Q

Obligate anaerobes
Rods
Endospore formers

A

Clostridium

72
Q

Causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

73
Q

Causes botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

74
Q

Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea

A

Clostridium perfringens

75
Q

An inhabitant of the intestinal tract that may cause a serious diarrhea

A

Clostridium difficile

76
Q

Rods
Endospore formers
Common in soil and only a few are pathogenic to humans
Several species produce antibiotics

A

Bacillus

77
Q

Causes anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

78
Q

A common bacterium in the enivronment and occasionally is identified as a cause of food poisoning, especially in strachy foods such as rice

A

Bacillus ceres

79
Q

Occus in grapelike clusters

Facultative anaerobes

A

Staphylococcus

80
Q

Can cause skin infections and food poisoning

A

Staphylococcus aureus

81
Q

Industrially important lactic-acid producing bacteria
Aerotolerant
Located in the vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity

A

Lactobacillus

82
Q

Spherical, gram positive bacteria that typicalky appear in chains
There are pathogenic and non pathogenic strains

A

Streptococcus

83
Q

A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Causes scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, impetigo, and rheumatic fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

84
Q

Adapted to area of the body that are rich in nutrients but low in oxygen, such as gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and oral cavity
Have high resistance to most antibiotics

A

Enterococcus

85
Q

Responsible for much of the infections of surgical wounds and the urinary tract

A

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

86
Q

The cause of a common form of mild pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

87
Q

Can contaminate food, especially dairy products
Capable of growth at refigeration temperatures
Poses threat of stillbirth or serious damage to the fetus if it infects pregnant women

A

Listeria monocytogenes

88
Q

Aerobic

Non-endospore forming rods

A

Mycobacterium

89
Q

Causes tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

90
Q

Causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

91
Q

Tend to be pleomorphic and their morphology often varies with the age of the cells

A

Corynebacterium

92
Q

Causative agent of diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

93
Q

Produces propionic acid

Some species are important in the fermentation of Swiss chees

A

Propionibacterium

94
Q

Bacteria that are commonly found on human skin and are implicated as the primary bacterial cause of acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes

95
Q

The best know of the actinomyces and is one of the bacteria most commonly isolated from soil
Strict aerobes
Valuable because the produce most of our commercialantibiotics

A

Streptomyces

96
Q

Facultative anaerobes that are found in the mouth and throat of humans and animals

A

Actinomyces

97
Q

Causes actinomycosis, a tissue destroying disease usually affecting the head, neck, or lungs

A

Actinomyces israelii

98
Q

Morphologicalky resembles Actinomyces; however, these bacteria are aerobic; they are often acid-fast; common in soil

A

Nocardia

99
Q

Occasionally cause a chronic, difficult-to-treat pulmonary infection
Causative agents of mycetoma, a localized destructive infection of the feet and hands

A

Nocardia asteroides

PH151 (15 decks)

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