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PH151 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 principles of cell theory

A

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cell - basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
Cells arise from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Basic cell features

A

Plasma membrane - covering
Cytosol - found in cytoplasm
DNA - genetic material
Ribosomes - protein synthesis

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3
Q

Most important tool in studying the cell

A

Microscopes

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4
Q

Separates cell components based on size and density

A

Cell fractionation

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5
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of life

A

Cell

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6
Q

Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Cells that lack organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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8
Q

Critical step in the evolution of eukaryotes

Fusion between 2 different prokaryotic cell with different function

A

Endosymbiosis

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9
Q

Prokaryotes example

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q

Eukaryotes example

A

Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants

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11
Q

Aka cell membrane
Barrier of the cell to its surroundings
Allows passage

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

Refers to all cell components bounded by plasma mebrane

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Plasma membrane composition

A

Double layer of phospholipids

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14
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A 
As enzymes
Transport proteins
As receptor sites
Cell to cell recognition
Cell adhesion
Attachment to cytoskeleton
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15
Q

Contains most of the genes/DNA

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleus is enclose by

A

Nuclear envelope

- double membraned, separating it from cytoplasm

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17
Q

Essential in transport of proteins in nucleus

A

Pore complexes

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18
Q

DNA areangement structure

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Complex of DNA and protein (histone) that makes up the chromosome

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Complex machinery for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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22
Q

Endomembrane system

A 
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
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23
Q

Little network within the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Flattened sacs inside ER used as a reservoir for a liquid

A

Cisternae

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25
Q

Internal compartment of ER

A 
ER lumen (cavity)
Or cisternal space
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26
Q

Continuous with the nuclear envelope

A

ER membrane

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27
Q

Continuous with the nuclear envelope and bound with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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28
Q

Lacks attached ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

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29
Q

Involves in:
Synthesis of lipids
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Calcuim ion storage

A

Smooth ER

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30
Q

Secretes proteins created by ribosomes
Add carbs to proteins for glycoproteins
Synthesis of more membranes
Modification of proteins

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

Received, sorts, ships, and even manufacture macromolecules

A

Golgi apparatus

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32
Q

Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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33
Q

Process in which cells engulf another cell

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

Help remove or recycle damage parts of a cell

A

Lysosomes

35
Q

“self devouring”

A

Autophagy

36
Q

Importance of autophagy

A

Degradation of damaged organelles or proteins

Response to nutrient deprivation during starvation

37
Q

Membranous sacs, larger than vesicles

A

Vacuoles

38
Q

Functions of vacuoles

A 
Digestion
Storage
Waste Disposal
Water Balance
Cell Growth
Protection
39
Q

Together with lysosome, funtion in autophagy

A

Food vacuoles

40
Q

Help eliminate excess water from the cell

A

Contractile vacuoles

41
Q

Up to 90% of the volume of plant cell

A

Plants vacuoles

42
Q

Energy-converting organelles

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

43
Q

Sites of cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

Convertion of sugar to energy in ATP

A

Cellular respiration

46
Q

Conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

Three compartments of chloroplast space

A

Intermembrane space
Stroma
Thylakoid space

48
Q

Flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast

A

Thylakoids

49
Q

Stack of thylakoids

Interconnected

A

Grana

50
Q

Fluid outside thylakoids

Contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes

A

Stroma

51
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts evolutionary origin

A

Endosymbiosis

52
Q

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

A

2 membranes
Circular DNA and ribosomes
Autonomous organelles

53
Q

Membrane-bound organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of long chain fatty acids and amino acids

A

Peroxisomes

54
Q

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

Mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape
Involved in various cell movement
Transmits signals

56
Q

Three main kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton according to size and protein structure

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

57
Q

Thickest kind

A

Microtubules

58
Q

Also called actin filaments

Thinnes kind

A

Microfilaments

59
Q

Diameters in middle range

A

Intermediate filaments

60
Q

Microtubule-organizinh center

A

Centrosome

61
Q

Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

62
Q

Cellular extension

Causes the cell to crawl along a surface

A

Pseudopodia “false foot”

63
Q

Locomotor appendages that protrude from cells

A

Cilia

Flagella

64
Q

Shorter
More numerous
Move “like the oars of a crew boat”

A

Cilia

65
Q

Longer
Less numerous
Whiplike movement

A

Flagella

66
Q

Extracellular components

A

Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane

67
Q

3 extracellular structures

A

Cell walls of plant
Extracellular matrix of animal cells
Intercellular junction

68
Q

Relatively thin and flexible wall

A

Primary cell wall

69
Q

Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins

Glues adjacent cells together

A

Middle lamella

70
Q

Has strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support

A

Secondary wall

71
Q

Extracellular matrix is made of:

A

Glycoproteins such as collagen
Proteoglycans
Fibrobectin

72
Q

Functions of ECM

A

Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation

73
Q

Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane where ECM glycoproteins bind

A

Integrins

74
Q

Span the plasma membrane and connect to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

A

Integrins

75
Q

Connect neighboring cells

A

Cell Junctions

76
Q

Junction found in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

77
Q

Junctions found in animals

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

78
Q

Cytoplasmic channels between adjacent plant cell walls

A

Plasmodesmata

79
Q

Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

A

Tight junctions

80
Q

Fasten cells together into sheets

A

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

81
Q

Channels that allow molecules to flow between cells

A

Gap junctions

PH151 (15 decks)

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