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PH151 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

Study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by the naked eye

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2
Q

Longest known bacterium

A

Epulopiscium, with paramecium

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3
Q

“Sulfur Pearl of Namibia”

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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4
Q

New definition of microbiology

A

Study of organcisms that can exist as a single cell, contain nucleic acid genome, and capable of replicating that genome

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5
Q

Importance of Microorganism

A 
First living organism
Live everywhere life is possible
More in number than others
Global ecosystem depends on their activities
Influence human society
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6
Q

Basic Microbiology

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses
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7
Q

Bacteria. Uni or Multi?

A

Unicellular

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8
Q

Bacteria. Eukaryote or prokaryote?

A

Prokaryote

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9
Q

Found in cell walls of bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Division of bacteria

A

Binary Fission

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11
Q

May be possessed by bacteria

A

Flagella

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12
Q

Pneumonia-causing bacteria

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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13
Q

Archae. Eukaryote or prokaryote?

A

Prokaryote

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14
Q

Lacking in archaea cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Found in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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16
Q

Adapted to high salt concentrations

A

Halophiles

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17
Q

Methane producers

A

Methanogens

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18
Q

Adapted to high temperature

A

Thermophiles

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19
Q

Adapted to high pressure

A

Barophiles

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20
Q

Mushroom, yeasts, molds

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Fungi. Eukaryote or prokaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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22
Q

Fungi. Uni or Multi?

A

Could be both

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23
Q

Found in true fungi’s cell walls

A

Chitin

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24
Q

Found in molds

A

Mycelia

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25
Q

Long filaments in mycelia

A

Hyphae

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26
Q

Cottony growth found on bread and fruit

A

Mold mycelia

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27
Q

How does fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Absorbing organic material from their environment

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28
Q

Common bread mold

A

Mucor sp.

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29
Q

Protozoa. Uni or Multi?

A

Unicellular

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30
Q

Protozoa. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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31
Q

Protoza are moved by

A

Pseudopods
Flagella
Cilia

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32
Q

Protozoa obtain food by

A

Absorption

Ingestion

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33
Q

Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Both sexual and asexual

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34
Q

Example of protozoa

A

Amoeba

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35
Q

Algae. Uni or Multi?

A

May be both

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36
Q

Algae. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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37
Q

Algae reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Both sexual or asexual

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38
Q

Algae cell wall composition

A

Cellulose (like plants)

39
Q

Algae obtain nourishment by

A

Photosynthesis

40
Q

Algae produce

A

Oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms

41
Q

Algae are found in

A

Freshwater
Saltwater
Soil
Plants

42
Q

Example of algae

A

Volvox sp.

43
Q

Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells

44
Q

Virus consists of

A

Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat

45
Q

May surround virus coat

46
Q

Virus reproduction

A

Reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms

47
Q

Virus. Living or Nonliving?

A

Nonliving because they are inert outside living hosts

48
Q

Rabies virus

A

Rhabdovirus

49
Q

Other virus examples

A

Zika virus

Dengue virus

50
Q

Applied Microbiology

A 
Medical Microbiology
Immunology
Public Health Microbiology
Food and Dairy Microbiology
Industrial
Agricultural
Microbial Ecology
51
Q

Nomenclature of Microbiology. Established by

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

52
Q

Scientific name are from

A

Latin words

53
Q

Scientific names composition

A

Genus and species name; underlined or italicized

54
Q

Staphylococcus aureau. Staphylo

A

Clustered arrangement of cells

55
Q

Staphylococcus aureau. Coccus

A

Sphere-like shapes

56
Q

Staphylococcus aureau. Aureus

A

Golden, color of many colonies of this bacterium

57
Q

Founded by Theodor Escherich

A

Escherichia coli

Coli - found in colon

58
Q

Made the first simple light microscope (3-10x)

A

Zacharias Jansen (1597)

59
Q

Made the simple compound microscope (30x)

A

Robert Hooke - 1665

60
Q

Laid foundation of cell theory

A

Robert Hooke - 1665

61
Q

First to oberserve microorganisms

“wee animalcules”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670)

62
Q

The conflict

A

Spontaneous generation theory
Vs
Biogensis theory

63
Q

Life from non-living matter

Vital source required

A

Spontaneous generation theory

64
Q

Life begets life

A

Biogenesis theory

65
Q

Negated spontaneous generation. Maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat

A

Francesco Redi (1668)

66
Q

Strengthened spontaneous generation. Microorganisms arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

A

John Needham - 1745

67
Q

Suggested that Needham’s result were due to microorganisms entering the broth

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1765

68
Q

SG supporters claim

A

Air was required for the vital force to work; vital force was destroyed by heat

69
Q

Passed air through strong acids but no microorganisms formed

A

Franz Schule

70
Q

Passed air through red-hot tubes but no microorganisms formed

A

Theodor Schwann

71
Q

SG supporters claim

A

Strong acids and heat altered the air so it cannot support microbial growth

72
Q

Filtered air through sterile cotton wool but no microbial growth found

A

Georg Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch
1850

73
Q

Introduced the concept of biogenesis

Life begets life

A

Rudolf Virchom - 1858

74
Q

Father of modern microbiology

Introduced pastuerization

A

Louis Pastuer - 1861

75
Q

Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms

Provided evidenxe for the existence of heat-resistant bacteria

A

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

76
Q

Discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

77
Q

Diseases are caused by specific agents called germs

A

Germ Theory of Disease

78
Q

Said that disease was caused by invisible living creatures

A

Grolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

79
Q

Showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur

80
Q

Showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

A

Agostino Bassi (1773-1856)

81
Q

Demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a Fungus

A

Miles Joseph Berkeley (ca. 1845)

82
Q

Showed that smut and rust fungus caused cereal crop diseases

A

Heinrich Anton de Bary (1853)

83
Q

Asepsis in obstetrical wards to prevent the transmission of childbed fever from patient to patient

A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1861)

84
Q

“Father of Antiseptic Urgery”

A

Joseph Lister (1867)

85
Q

Established relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

A

Robert Koch

Koch’s Postulates

86
Q

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

A

Edward Jenner (ca. 1798)

87
Q

Last smallpox case

A

Somalia in 1977

88
Q

Year smallpox was declared by WHO as eradicated

89
Q

Developed porcelain bacterial filter

Isolated the first viruses studied

A

Charles Chamberlan (1851-1908)

90
Q

Developed 606th compound SALVARSAN (inorganic arsenical to treat syphilis)

A

Paul Ehrlich

91
Q

Dicovered “miracle drug” penicillin from Penicillium

A

Alexander Fleming

92
Q

Developed pastuerization to preserve wine

A

Louis Pasteur

93
Q

Cell-free fermentation

Extract from yeast cells

A

Eduard Buchner

PH151 (15 decks)

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