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PH151 > Biotechnology (4th LE) > Flashcards

Biotechnology (4th LE) Flashcards

1
Q

Double stranded

Strands are complementary to each other

A

DNA

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2
Q

Base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to another nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

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3
Q

Laboratory techniques used to study and manipulate DNA

Used to analyze gene expression

A

DNA Technology

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4
Q

The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

A

Biotechnology

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5
Q

Direct manipulation or genes for practical purposes

Cor of gene cloning

A

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)

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6
Q

First automated procedure in sequencing

A

Sanger Method

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7
Q

Another name for sanger method

A

Dideoxyribonucleotuide (or dideoxy) chain terminating sequence

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8
Q

Developed the sanger method

A

Frederick Sanger

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9
Q

High throughput
Real-time result
Based on sequencing by synthesis

A

Next Generation DNA Sequencing

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10
Q

Used to synthesize a stretch of DNA from a single-stranded template, and the order in which nucleotides are added revels the sequence

A

DNA polymerase

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11
Q

Third generation
A single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemcial labeling of the sample

A

Nanopore Sequencing

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12
Q

Nanopore Sequencing principle

A

Each type or base interupts the electrical current for a slightly different length of time

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13
Q

A process of producing multiple copies of a gene dor the analysis and manipulation of DNA

A

Gene cloning (or DNA cloning)

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14
Q

The first to be performed during DNA manipulation

A

DNA Extraction

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15
Q

Used to rapidly amplify a specific target gene segment in a DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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16
Q

Introduced PCR

A

Kary Mullis in 1985

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17
Q

An equipment that enables the PCR reaction

A

Thermal cycler (PCR machine)

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18
Q

Steps in PCR

A

Heat denaturation at 94C
Cooling
Synthesis of new DNA
REPEAT

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19
Q

Usual number of cycles in PCR

A

30 cycles which would yield up to 10^9 fold increase

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20
Q

Two limitations of PCR

A

Sequences should be know otherwise primers cannot be made

Limit of DNA sequence that can be copied

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21
Q

Three techniques in studying PCR products

A

Gel electrophoresis
Cloning
Sequencing

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22
Q

Uses a gel to separate out a mixture or nucleic acid fragments by length/size

A

Gel Electrophoresis

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23
Q

Staining that makes DNA fragments clearly visible under UV

A

Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) staining

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24
Q

Small, circular DNA capable of independent replication

A

Plasmid

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25
Q

Used as a vector in recombinant DNA technology

A

Plasmid

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26
Q

Steps in gene cloning

A 
Insertion of DNA
Vector transports gene into host
Multiplication within host
Division of host cell
A clone is produced
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27
Q

Recognize and cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides

A

Restriction Enzymes

28
Q

Examples of restriction enzyme

A

EcoRI
Xbal
Xhol

29
Q

Used in analyzing the result of restriction endonuclease cleavage

A

Gel electrophoresis

30
Q

Seal the base-paired fragments (after restriction enzyme digestion) producing recombinant DNA molecules

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

Uptake of DNA from the medium by bacterial cell

Use of heat shock

A

Transformation

32
Q

DNA uptake through the use of electric shock

A

Electroporation

33
Q

Equivalent to transformation, the only difference being that phage DNA rather than a plasmid is involved

A

Transfection

34
Q

Introducing DNA into the cells that involve bombardment with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA

A

Biolistics

35
Q

Another name for biolistics

A

Gene Gun

36
Q

Cells without cell walls

A

Protoplast

37
Q

Process that may be spontaneous or it may be induced

A

Protoplast Fusion

38
Q

Method of introducing new DNA into a cell by injecting it directly into the nucleus

A

Microinjection

39
Q

Recombinant DNA molecule can be inserted into a cell by:

A 
Transformation
Electroporation
Transfection
Biolistics
Protoplast Fusion
Microinjection
40
Q

Methods to verify your gene of interest was successfully cloned

A

Blue-white screening
Restriction enzyme digestion
Colony PCR
DNA sequencing

41
Q

Use bacterial lactose metabolism as an indicator

A

Blue-white screening

42
Q

Color if the DNA insert is present

A

White

43
Q

Color if the DNA insert is not present

A

Blue

44
Q

Checks the presence and direction of your insert

A

Restriction enzyme digestion

45
Q

The most rapid screening method in determining presence of the DNA insert

A

Colony PCR

46
Q

The most accurate way

Verifies presence and exact sequence of inserted DNA

A

DNA Sequencing

47
Q

The complete set of genes present in a cell or organism

A

Genome

48
Q

Total mRNA molecules expressed from the genes of an organism in a given environmental condition

A

Transcriptome

49
Q

Total proteins present in an organism under a given environmental condition

A

Proteome

50
Q

A discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes

A

Genomics

51
Q

Used to determine the regulatory potential of a DNA sequence that is unknown

A

Reporter Gene Assay

52
Q

Used to detect specific RNA molecules present within an RNA mixture
Used to determine the RNA expression of certain genes

A

Northern Blotting

53
Q

Used to detect specific protein molecules within a protein mixture
Can help in determining protein size and expression

A

Western Blotting

54
Q

Used to visualize copy number aberrations such as the deletion, translocation or amplification of chromosomes

A

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

55
Q

Most sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA

Extremely small sample sizes can be used in the quantification of mRNA

A

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

56
Q

A solid surface to which a collection or microscopic DNA spots are attached

A

DNA microarray

57
Q

Another name for DNA microarray

A

Biochip

DNA chip

58
Q

Used to sequence the cDNAs corresponding to RNAs from the cells

A

RNA sequencing (RNA seq)

59
Q

Used if the gene of interest has an unknown function

A

Inactivation of the gene

60
Q

Another name for inactivation of the gene

A

Gene Knockout

61
Q

A system that allows researchers to edit genes in living cells in a specific, desired way

A

CRISPR-Cas9

62
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats

63
Q

Advantages of using CRISPR-Cas9

A 
Latest technology
Faster
Cheaper
More accurate
More efficient
64
Q

Applications of DNA Technology

A 
Medical Field
DNA Forensics
Manufacturing Industry
Agriculture
Environment
65
Q

Altering the genes to treat or stop disease

A

Gene Therapy

PH151 (15 decks)

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