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PH151 > Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiological aspects of human and animal infections and infestations, with emphasis on their atiological agents

A

Clinical Microbiology

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2
Q

The study of the cause of a disease

A

Etiology

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3
Q

Antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another

A

Antibiosis

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4
Q

Treatment of disease by chemical that kill cells, specifically thos of microorganisms or cancer

A

Chemotherapy

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5
Q

A broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms

A

Immunology

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6
Q

The study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations

A

Epidemiology

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7
Q

Implies the presence of microorganisms in or on the body of the host

A

Infection

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8
Q

A state when the microorganism is successful in producing physiological or anatomical changes in the host

A

Disease

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9
Q

Disease caused by microorganisms or viruses

A

Infectious (contagious) disease

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10
Q

Microbial parasite

A

Pathogen

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11
Q

Causes disease only when the body’s defenses are compromised

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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12
Q

The outcome of host-prasite relationship depends on:

A

Pathogenicity of parasite

Resistance of the host to the parasite

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13
Q

Ability of the parasite to inflict damage on the host

A

Pathogenicity

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14
Q

A measure/degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

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15
Q

Pathogenicity varies widely, meaning?

A

The host-parasite interaction is dynamic

Constantly changing virulence of pathogen and resistance of host

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16
Q

Two properties required for the production of diseases by microorganisms

A

Must be able to metaboize and multiply in or upon host tissue
Must be able to resist host defense mechanisms

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17
Q

Toxic or destructive substances produced by the pathogen that directly or indirectly enhance infection leading to disease

A

Virulance factors

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18
Q

Virulence factors in pathogens

A

Toxins
Capsule
Enzymes

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19
Q

Two types of toxins

A

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

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20
Q

Heat-labile and acid-labile

A

Exotoxins

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21
Q

Examples of exotoxins

A 
Tetanus toxin (Clostridium tetani)
Botulinum toxin (C. botulinum)
22
Q 
Found in gram negative bacteria
Heat stable
Lipid portion of LPS
Less toxic
Highly pyrogenic
A

Endotoxins

23
Q

An AB toxin produced by cells of Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Diptheria toxin

24
Q

May enable some bacteria to resist phagocytosis

A

Capsule

25
Q

Example of capsule

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

26
Q

Enzymes

A

Caogulase

Lecithinase

27
Q

Causes some bacteria to resist phagocytosis

A

Coagulase

28
Q

Alpha Toxin

Lyzes RBCs and other tissues

A

Lecithinase

29
Q

Indications of Virulence

A

Infectious dose

Lethal dose

30
Q

Number of pathogenic cells or virions enough to establish or cause an infection that would lead to disease

A

Infectious dose

31
Q

Expression of infectious dose

A

ID50 (medium infectious dose)

50% of the hosts ate infected

32
Q

The dose that causes death

Number of pathogenic cell, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill the host

A

Lethal dose

33
Q

Lethal dose expression

A

LD50

50% of hosts are killed

34
Q

Steps of Pathogenesis

A 
Exposure
Adherence
Invasion
Colonization and Growth
Toxicity/Invasiveness
Tissue, Damage, Disease
35
Q

Mode of transmission

A 
Direct contact
Indirect contact - via formites
Vectors
Airborne
Food or Water
36
Q

Sneeze Effects

A

Up to 8m

Can linger for 10 minutes

37
Q

Cough Effects

A

Up to 6m

Can linger for 10 minutes

38
Q

Portals of Entry

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Parenteral Routes

39
Q

Examples of mucous membranes

A

Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Conjunctiva

40
Q

Pathogen is able to enter into host cells or tissues, spread, and cause damage and disease

A

Invasion

41
Q

Presence of bacteria in blood

A

Bacteremia

42
Q

Bacteria able to multiply and produce toxins in the bloodstream and spreading in the body

A

Septicemia

43
Q

Presence of virus in bloodstream

A

Viremia

44
Q

Human defense mechanisms

A

Innate immunity

Acquired immunity

45
Q

Non-specific resistance

A

Innate immunity

46
Q

Adaptive immune response

Specific resistance

A

Acquired immunity

47
Q

Innate immunity

A

First line of defense

Second line of defense

48
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

49
Q

Second line of defenses

A

Phagocytic leukocytes
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Fever

50
Q

Adapative immunity

Third line of defense

A

Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Memory cells

PH151 (15 decks)

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