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PH151 > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical used to treat diseases

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

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2
Q

A chemical used to destroy pathogenic
microorganisms with minimal damage
Produce naturally by organisms or created synthetically

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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3
Q

Antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another

A

Antibiosis

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4
Q

Antimicrobial agent naturally produced by oragnisms

A

Antibiotic

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5
Q

“Magic Bullet”

Developed the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial diseases

A

Paul Ehrlich

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6
Q

Developed by Ehrlich

First documented example of an antimicrobial drug

A

Salvarsan

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7
Q

Dicovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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8
Q

Characteristics of Antimicrobial Agent

A 
Selective toxicity
Antimicrobial action
Spectrum of activity
Affects of antimicrobial combinations
Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the medication
Adverse effects
Resistance to antimicrobials
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9
Q

Selectively toxic

A

Medically useful antimicrobials

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10
Q

The relative toxicity of a medication
The lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by the dose typically used for therapy
High would mean less toxic

A

Therapeutic index

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11
Q

Chemicals that inhibit growth of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

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12
Q

Chemicals that kill bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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13
Q

Affect a wide range of bacteria

A

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials

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14
Q

Affect only selected group of bacteria

Less distruptive to the normal microbiota

A

Norrow-spectrum antimicrobials

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15
Q

Advantage of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

A

Important for life-threatening diseases when intermediate antimicrobial treatment is essential and there is no time to culture and identify the pathogen

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16
Q

Disadvantage of broad spectrum antimicrobials

A

They disrupt normal microbiota

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17
Q

Affects of antimicrobial combinations

A

Antagonistic
Synergistic
Additive

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18
Q

Combinations that counter the effect of other antimicrobial agents

A

Antagonistic

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19
Q

Combinations in which the activity of one medication enhance the activity of the other

A

Synergistic

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20
Q

Combinations that are neither synergistic nor antagonistic

A

Additive

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21
Q

Adverse Effects

A

Allergic reactions
Toxic effects - damage kidney etc.
Suppresion of normal microbiota

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22
Q

Resistance to antimicrobials

A

Intrinsic (innate) resistance

Acquired resistance

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23
Q

Certain types of bacteria e.g. Mycoplasma

A

Intrinsic (innate) resistance

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24
Q

Due to spontaneuos mutation or the acquisition of new genetic information (horizontal gene transfer)

A

Acquired resistance

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25
Q

Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs

A 
Inhibition of:
Cell wall synthesis
Protein synthesis
Essential metabolite synthesis
Nucleic acid replication and transcription
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26
Q

Inhibit enzymes that help from cross-links between adjacent glycan chains, ultimately leading to cell lysis
All have high therapeutic index

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

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27
Q

Examples of beta-lactam antibiotics

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Pencillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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28
Q

An enzyme that breaks the beta-lactam ring, destroying the activity of the antibiotic

A

Beta-lactamase

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29
Q

Examples of beta-lactamase

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillinases

Carbapenemases

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30
Q

Examples of penicillinase resistant penicillins

A

Methicillin

Dicl oxacillin

31
Q

Resistant to methicillin

Only beta-lactam antibiotics effective against them are the newest cephalosporins

A

MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

32
Q

Low therapeutic index

Includes vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide antibiotics

33
Q

Its toxicity limits its use to topical applications

A

Bacitracin

34
Q

Antibacterial medication that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol etc.

35
Q

Block the intiation of translation and cause misreading of mRNA

A

Aminoglycosides

36
Q

Block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome

A

Tetracyclines

37
Q

Prevent the continuation of protein synthesis

A

Macrolides

38
Q

Prevents peptide bonds from being formed

A

Chloramphenicol

39
Q

Prevent the continuation of protein synthesis

A

Lincosamides

40
Q

Interfere with the initiation of protein synthesis

A

Oxazolidinones

41
Q

Prevents peptide bonds from being formed

A

Pleuromutilins

42
Q

Each interferes with a distinct step of protein synthesis

A

Streptogramins

43
Q

Antibacterial medications that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Fluoroquinolones
Rifamycins
Metronidazole

44
Q

Inhibit topoisomerase enzyme which maintain supercoiling of DNA within the bacterial cell

A

Fluoroquinolones

45
Q

Antibiotics that block bacterial RNA polymerase from initiating transcription

A

Rifamycins

46
Q

Primarily used to treat tuberculosis

A

Rifampin

47
Q

A synthetic compound that interferes with DNA synthesis and function, but only in anaerobic microorganisms

A

Metronidazole

48
Q

Antibaterial medications that interfere metabolic pathways

A

Sulfa dugrs

Trimethoprim

49
Q

Block different enzymes in a metabolic patyway required for nucleotide biosynthesis

A

Sulfa drugs

Trimethoprim

50
Q

Meidcation used together as synergistic combination

A

Co-trimoxazole

51
Q

Antibacterial medications that interfere with cell membrane intergrity

A

Daptomycin

Polymyxins

52
Q

Effective only against gram positive

A

Daptomycin

53
Q

Effective against gram negative cells

A

Polymyxins

54
Q

Common ingredient in first-aid skin ointments

A

Polymyxin B

55
Q

Antibacterial medication effective against mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

56
Q

Used to treat tuberculosis

A

First-line drugs

57
Q

Used for strains resistant to first-line drugs

A

Second-line drugs

58
Q

Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids

A

Isoniazid (INH)

59
Q

Inhibits enzyme required for synthesis of other mycobacterial cell wall components

A

Ethambutol (EMB)

60
Q

Interferes with a process that mycobacterial cells use to restart stalled ribosomes

A

Pyrazinamide (PZA)

61
Q

Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs

A 
Prevent viral entry
Interfere with viral coating
Interfere with nucleic acid syntheiss
Prevent genome integration
Prevent assembly and release of viral particles
62
Q

Mechanisms of action of antifungal drugs

A 
Interfere with:
Cytoplasmic membrane synthesis and function
Cell wall synthesis
Cell division
Nucleic acid synthesis
63
Q

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A

Minimum inhibitory conc. (MIC)

Minimum bactericidal conc. (MBC)

64
Q

Lowest conc. of a specific antimicrobial needed to prevent the growth of a bacterial strain in vitro

A

MIC

65
Q

Lowest conc. of a specific antimicrobial that kills 99.9% of cells of a given strain of bacterial in vitro

A

MBC

66
Q

Determines susceptibility of a bacterial strain to a variety of antimicrobial medications

A

Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test

Conventional disc diffusion method

67
Q

A gradient diffusion method that determines abtibiotic sensitivity and estimates MIC
Modification of disc difussion method

A

E test (for epsilometer)

68
Q

Mechanisms of acquired resistance

A

Blocking entry
Inactivation of enzymes
Alteration of target molecule
Efflux of antibiotic

69
Q

Resustance can be acquired through

A

Spontaneous mutation or horizontal gene transfer

70
Q

Most common mechanism of transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is through

A

The conjugative transfer of R plasmids

71
Q

Example of emerging resistance

CDC’s threat level: urgent

A

Colstridium difficile
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

72
Q

Example of emerging resistance

CDC’s threat level: serious

A 
Candida
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Non-typhoidal samonella
Salmonella typhi
Staphylococcus aureus
73
Q

Lreventing resistance

A

Physicians prescription only when appropriate
Follow prescribe instructions when taking antimicrobials
Public must be educated

PH151 (15 decks)

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