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2ND YR 1S > PRL UNIT 3 > Flashcards

PRL UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Motility of trophozoites is best demonstrated using Logol’s iodine. (True or False)

A

False

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2
Q

Improper placement of coverslip often leads to the formation of air bubbles in the fecal smear. ( True or False)

A

True

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3
Q

Identify: What reagent acts as a clearing agent in the Kato-Katz preparation?

A

Glycerol

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4
Q

Identify: Currently, what is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of Malaria?

A

Thick and Thin Smear

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5
Q

Identify: What is the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of pinworm infections?

A

Cellophane Swab / Scotch Tape Swab

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6
Q

Detects organisms that have lipid content in
their cell walls or membrane

A

Carbol Fuchsin

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7
Q

AFS is for what coccidian parasites

A

C - Cryptosporidium
C - Cyclospora
C - Cystoisospora belli

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8
Q

CARBOL FUCHSIN

A

Preservation of protozoan cysts

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9
Q

LUGOL’S IODINE / SOLUTION

A

Temporary stain for cyst

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10
Q

METHYLENE BLUE

A

Temporary stain for protozoan trophozoites

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11
Q

SODIUM ACETATE ACETIC ACID FORMALIN FIXATIVE SAF

A

Substitute for Schaudinn’s solution; below the standard of Schaudinn’s

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12
Q

also be called direct wet mount or direct wet preparation

A

Direct Fecal Smear

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13
Q

simplest and easiest technique to facilitate detection of intestinal parasites that infected
subjects pass in their feces

A

Direct Fecal Smear

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14
Q

What are present under DFS

A

Presence of intestinal protozoa (trophozoites or
cyst) or helminth eggs

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15
Q

Reason why saline is used in DFS

A

to detect protozoa motility

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16
Q

Reason why Lugol / Iodine solution is used in DFS

A

to reveal the parasite structure

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17
Q

% NaCl used in DFS

A

0.85% NaCl motility

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18
Q

Seen in Saline preparation

A

Motile trophozoites and larvae
Red blood cells
Leukocytes
Charcot - Leyden crystals

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19
Q

Seen in Iodine preparation

A

Cysts of protozoa
- structures which would help identify the specific protozoa found within the specimen

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20
Q

mg of fecal specimen used in DFS

A

2mg

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21
Q

cause of iodine to trophozoites

A

iodine will kill any organisms present; thus, no motility will be seen

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22
Q

manner of observation DFS

A

Up-down direction
Left-right direction

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23
Q

Kato-Katz Technique

A

Recommended for monitoring large-scale
treatment programmes implemented for the
control of soil-transmitted helminth STH

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24
Q

common STH found using Kato Katz

A

Hookworm
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris Trichiura
Schistosoma

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25
Q

Manner of reporting KK Technique

A

eggs per gram stool (epg)

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26
Q

purpose of KK Technique

A
  • Can identify the intensity of the infection
  • Correlate to severity of clinical disease with the
    intensity of infection / worm burden
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27
Q

Feces Delivered when size of hole is 9mm

A

50 mg of feces

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28
Q

Feces Delivered when size of hole is 6.5 mm

A

about 20 mg of feces

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29
Q

reason for using same size templates

A

used to ensure repeatability and comparability of prevalence and intensity data

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30
Q

unique material used in KK technique

A

Glycerol-malachite green

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31
Q

used as a dye and staining solution

A

Malachite green

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32
Q

acts as a clearing agent

A

Glycerol

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33
Q

hrs cellophane is dipped

A

at least 24 hours

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34
Q

(T/F) No cover slip; cellophane will serve as the cover slip

A

T

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35
Q

For all except ___, keep the slide for one or more hours at room temperature to clear the fecal material prior to examination under the microscope.

A

hookworm eggs

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36
Q

done to speed up clearing and examination

A

slide can be placed in a 40C incubator or kept in direct sunlight for several minutes.

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37
Q

Will remain visible and recognizable for many months

A

A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura eggs

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38
Q

Clear rapidly and will no longer be visible after 30-60 mins

A

Hookworm eggs

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39
Q

May be recognizable up to several months but it is preferable to examine the slide preparations within 24 hours

A

Schistosome eggs

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40
Q

EPG

A
  1. x 20 if using a 50 mg template; 9mm and 1mm thick
  2. x 24 if using a 41.7 mg template; 6mm and 1.5mm thick
  3. x 50 if using a 20 mg template; 6.5mm and 0.5 thick
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41
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides Intensity Infections

A

L - 1 - 4,999 epg
M - 5,000 - 49,999 epg
H - ≥ 50,000 epg

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42
Q

Trichuris trichiura Intensity Infections

A

L - 1 - 999 epg
M - 1,000 - 9,999 epg
H - ≥ 10,000 epg

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43
Q

Hookworms Intensity Infections

A

L - 1 -1,999 epg
M - 2,000 - 3,999 epg
H - ≥ 4000 epg

44
Q

Schistosoma mansoni Intensity Infections

A

L - 1 - 99 epg
M - 100 - 399 epg
H - ≥ 400 epg

45
Q

Gold standard for malaria diagnosis

A

Thick and Thin Smear

46
Q

Difference of Thick and Thin Smear

A

Thick - Used to determine if parasite is present; for screening
Thin - Used to confirm the Plasmodium species present; for confirmatory testing, fixed with methanol

47
Q

specimen used for Thick and Thin Smear

A

finger prick / capillary puncture

48
Q

Blood Parasites that can be detected using Thick and Thin Smear

A

Plasmodium, Babesia, Hemoflaggelates, Trypanosoma Leishmania, Filarial nematodes

49
Q

Done with thick smears

A

dipped in water to dehemoglobinize

50
Q

smear that’s more blood sensitive

A

Thick blood smear

51
Q

type of test malarial parasites are considered as

A

Quantifying

52
Q

used to quantify malaria parasites against RBCs by counting the parasitized RBCs among 500-2000 RBCs on thin smear and express results as %

A

Parasitemia

53
Q

if parasitemia is high

A

examine 500 RBCs

54
Q

if parasitemia is low

A

examine 2,000 RBCs (or more)

55
Q

other terms for Cellophane Swab

A

Perianal swab, Scotchtape swab, Cellophane tape swab

56
Q

Cellophane swab

A

Specimen of choice for the detection of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs

57
Q

Enterobiasis

A

caused by a nematode, Enterobius vermicularis

58
Q

Taeniasis

A

caused by tapeworm, Taenia solium or Taenia saginata

59
Q

pinworms

A

Enterobius vermicularis

60
Q

why are Enterobius vermicularis called nocturnal parasites

A

At night, when the body is at rest gravid pregnant adult female worms exit the host, typically a child, through the rectum and lay numerous eggs in the perianal region

61
Q

Time of Collection for Cellophane Swab

A

early in the morning before the patient washes or defecates

62
Q

reason why time of collection is important for cellophane swab

A

it creates a better yield and catch the eggs within the specimen

63
Q

number of negative tests to rule out pinworm infection

A

5

64
Q

MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A

fecal-oral, inhalation

65
Q

Itching of perianal area

A

Pruritus Ani

66
Q

importance of emphasizing the importance of exercising proper hygiene and preventive measures

A

to avoid spreading infectious eggs into the environment

67
Q

concentration technique commonly used

A

Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique (FEACT & FECT)

68
Q

applicable to all parasites

A

Sedimentation

69
Q

Interested in the sediments we obtained; area
has concentrated parasitic structures

A

Sedimentation

70
Q

Concentration

A
  • detects small number of parasites
  • remove debris
  • used to fresh and preserved samples
71
Q

recommended as being the easiest to perform and the least subject to technical error

A

Formalin-ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Concentration

72
Q

recovery of a ll protozoan cysts and oocysts, helminth eggs, and larvae present in the stool specimen

A

Formalin-ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Concentration

73
Q

Difference in technique for :

  1. Sedimentation
  2. Flotation
A
  1. Sedimentation - examine sediment; lower specific gravity than parasite
  2. Flotation - examine surface; higher specific gravity to float
74
Q

used for heavy eggs

A

Sedimentation

75
Q

used for light eggs

A

Flotation

76
Q

These procedures allow for the detection of parasitic elements (eggs, larvae, oocysts and cysts) that may be missed when examining only a direct wet smear

A

Concentration Techniques

77
Q

rises to the top of the suspension during sedimentation

A

Eggs, cysts, and oocysts

78
Q

4 contents of test tubes for concentration techniques

A
  1. sediment
  2. saline
  3. plug of faecal debris
  4. top layer of ethyl acetate
79
Q

most widely used floatation solutions

A

Saturated sodium chloride & Zinc sulfate

80
Q

Harada Mori Filterpaper Culture

A

uses stool streaks and detects Filariform L3 Larva

81
Q

Specific Gravity of

  1. Saturated Sodium chloride
  2. Zinc sulfate
A
  1. NaCl - 1.20
  2. ZnSO2, 7H2O - 1.35
82
Q

(T/F) Higher specific gravity, the more parasites that can be concentrated

A

T

83
Q

Baermann Funnel Culture

A

uses cheesecloth and larva attached to water and detects Filariform L3 Larva

84
Q

can diagnose Filariform L3 Larva

A

Hookworm, Strongyloides

85
Q

Knott’s Concentration Technique

A

blood concentration technique; and for low counts

86
Q

Sheather’s Flotation Technique

A

used to detect coccidians oocysts

87
Q

Concentration Techniques

A
  1. Brine Flotation Technique
  2. McMaster Concentration Technique
  3. Mini-FLOTAC Technique
88
Q

Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria

A

for concentration techniques

89
Q

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) Schistosoma

A

for detection of Schistosoma

90
Q

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

A

for detection of Toxoplasma gondi trophozoites

91
Q

reagent used in the unstained portion of the DFS

A

NSS

92
Q

stage of protozoan may not be recognized in the stained
portion of the DFS

A

Trophozoite

93
Q

Preferably, the amount of stool needed to be emulsified in the preparation of direct fecal smear.

A

2 mg

94
Q

Which eggs clear rapidly and will no longer be visible after 30–60 mins in a Kato-Katz smear

A

Hookworm eggs

95
Q

Gold standard in the diagnosis of malarial parasite

A

Thick and thin smear

96
Q

acts as a clearing agent in a Kato-Katz smear

A

Glycerol

97
Q

Which among the following diagnostic test helps establish burden of intestinal infection?

A

Kato-Katz

98
Q

In malarial parasite diagnosis, which part of the smear is used for species differentiation?

A

thick smear

99
Q

Multiple ring forms observed in a single red cell. This is typical for _____?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

100
Q

To rule out pinworm infection, the # of negative scotch tape swabs must be _____:

A

5

101
Q

Technique for : Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

A

DFS (unstained)

102
Q

Technique for : Enterobius vermicuris eggs

A

Cellophane swab

103
Q

Technique for : Plasmodium vivax schizont

A

Thick and Thin smear

104
Q

Technique for : Burden of intestinal ascariasis

A

Kato-Katz

105
Q

Technique for : Entamoeba histolytica cyst

A

FEACT

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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