PR UNIT 1 Flashcards
Refers to the association of 2 organisms that is beneficial to both
Mutualism
Which among the following is an example of a blood fluke?
- Ascaris
- Schistosoma
- Toxoplasma
- Entamoeba
Schistosoma
A parasite that can live independently of a host and can survive in its absence
Facultative
In malarial parasite, human acts as what kind of host?
Intermediate host
Refers to the rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition
Incidence
Taenia solium
Tapeworm
Plasmodium Falciparum
Protozoan
Paragonimus westermani
Fluke
Schistosoma japonicum
Fluke
Ascaris lumbricoides
Roundworm
Refers to the association of 2 organisms where one benefits and do not cause any harm to the host
Commensalism
Balantidium coli is an example of a/an
Ciliate
Ribbon-like segmented flatworm that possesses a scolex belongs to the class
Cestoda
When cases already spread over several countries or continents, then it is described as
Pandemic
The causative agent of malaria belongs to the Genus
Plasmodium
Echinococcus granulosus
Cestode
Giardia duodenalis
Protozoan
Tryapanosoma cruzi
Protozoan
Necator americanus
Nematode
Schistosoma mansoni
Trematode
association of two species for food and shelter
Symbiosis
beneficial to one partner and disadvantageous to the other
Commensalism
commensal inhabiting the colon or the large intestine; bacterial flora of the gut
Enatomoeba coli
symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other
Mutualism
protozoans that can inhabit the gastrointestinal tract
Flagellates
where one organism lives in or on another depending on the latter for its survival
Parasitism
erodes the intestinal wall by destroying tissues by proteolytic enzyme
Entamoeba histolytica
no physiologic or biologic interaction that occurs between the host and the phoront
Phoresis
study of an organism that depends and an organism that provides shelter and nourishment
Parasitology
parasite found inside the host
Endoparasite
parasite found outside the host
Ectoparasite
parasite found in an organ which is not its natural habitat
Erratic
parasite found in the small intestine of humans but are sometimes erratic
Ascaris lumbricoides
parasite typically found in the lungs; can find its way to the brain
Paragonimus westermani
also called as lung flukes as they live in the lungs
Paragonimus westermani
cannot survive in any other manner in the absence of a host
Obligate Parasite
Obligate Parasites
ascaris, hookworm, trichuris, & tapeworm
exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises
Facultative Parasite
Facultative Parasites
Strongyloides stercoralis
Pathogenic free-living amoeba
obligatory at one or more stages in the life cycle
Temporary Parasite
parasite that establishes itself in a host which it does not usually live
Accidental / Incidental Parasite
parasite found in cats
Toxocora cati
periodically seek other and larger forms on which to nourish themselves
Intermittent parasite
remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life
Permanent parasite
free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
Temporary parasite
free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
Spurious Parasite
parasite capable of producing or releasing immature eggs
Oviparous Parasite
harbors or carries the mature (adult and sexual) stage of the parasite
Definitive / Final Host
host that harbors the larval or asexual stage of the parasite
Intermediate Host
where larval stage or asexual reproduction happens
Intermediate host
difference of a paratenic host and a reservoir host
- Paratenic host - does not develop further to later stages to later stages and can infect other hosts
- Reservoir Host - alternative host to a parasite and become an additional source to human infection
the only pathogenic ciliate
Balantidium coli
responsible for transmission and harbors the infective stage of the parasite
Vectors
stage of parasite that is needed in order to infect
Infective stage
vector part of the life cycle of the parasite
Biologic Vector
not part of the life cycle; purpose to transport parasite in its infective state
Mechanical Vectors / Phoretic Vector
parasitic modes of transmission
oral, skin penetration, arthropod bites / vector borne, congenital transmission, transmammary, inhalation, sexual contact
most common, contaminated food and water
Oral Transmission
Taenia saginata
raw beef
Taenia solium
raw pork
Entamoeba histolytica
contaminated water
Dibothriocephalus latus
raw fish
Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Haplorchis
eating fish
enters skin through infectious larvae
Skin penetration
Cercariae
Schistosoma sp.
filaform larvae
hookworms, strongyloides
disease caused by mosquito vector
Malaria, Filiariasis
disease caused by fly
Leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis, Onchocerciasism Loiasis
disease caused by tick
babesiosis
disease caused by reduviid bug
Chaga’s Disease
passes through the placenta and can infect the fetus
Congenital Transmission
acquired from cats
Toxoplasma gondii
passes through the breast milk
Transmammary
parasite acquired from the breast milk
Ancylostoma, Strongyloides
causes pruritus ani and children are affected
Inhalation
acquired through inhalation of airborne eggs
Enterobius vermicularis
parasite acquired through sexual intercourse
Trichomonas vaginalis
