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2ND YR 1S > PRL UNIT 1 > Flashcards

PRL UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference of Standard Precautions and Universal Precaution

A

Standard - everything is infectious
Universal - all samples are highly infectious

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2
Q

parasites that will be thriving in the host

A

Helminths

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3
Q

Type of Host during the adult stage

A

Definitive Host

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4
Q

Type of host during the larval stage

A

Intermediate Host

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5
Q

Type of Host during the Egg stage

A

Parasite in Diagnostic Stage

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6
Q

Types of Helminth

A
  1. Nematode
  2. Trematode
  3. Cestode
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7
Q

Potential risks in the laboratory

A
  1. Ingestion of eggs/ova
  2. Skin penetration of infective larva
  3. Infection of non-parasitic agents
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8
Q

Found in watery stool collect8ed and processed within 30 mins (or else parasites would die)

A

Trophozoite

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9
Q

T/F When a specimen is “fixed”, it means that everything is already killed. Hence, it is not infectious because you already preserved it.

A

True

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10
Q

T/F Fixed stool specimens in formalin may still be infectious

A

True

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11
Q

can still develop and are infectious because of its thick egg shell

A

Ascaris eggs

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12
Q

best way to preserve the eggs and prevent development

A

Warm / heated 10% Formalin

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13
Q
  • Giant intestinal roundworm
  • Larva is protected by a 3-layered membrane of protein
A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

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14
Q

important factor when blood specimen are collected

A

Timing

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15
Q

Blood smears should be examined without delay when this is expected

A

Malaria and Babesiosis

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16
Q

used to diagnose blood parasites

A

Blood

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17
Q

T/F Multiple blood smears might be needed

A

T

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18
Q

Reason why multiple blood smears are needed

A

Parasitemia or the presence of the parasites in the blood could actually flunctuate

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19
Q

exhibits periodicity and is seen in lymphatic fluids

A

Microfilariae

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20
Q

Time where the parasite is seen in the blood

A

Microfilariae

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21
Q

blood samples used in blood specimen to detect parasitic infection

A

Venous blood capillary or capillary blood samples

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22
Q

multiple specimens recommended for adequate yield of I parasite

A

Fecal specimen

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23
Q

Fecal specimen collection requirement

A
  1. Clean, wide-mouthed containers
  2. 0.5 pint (~240 mL)
  3. Waxed cardboard or plastic container
  4. Tight-fitting lid
  5. Sterile Container
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24
Q

reason why a container with a tight-fitting lid is used for fecal collection

A

to ensure retention of moisture and to prevent accidental spillage

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25
Q

Specimen Protocol

__ specimen/s collected every other day to consider adequate/min necessary for detection of O&P (w/ no more than __ days)

A

3 specimens, 7 days

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26
Q

Specimen Protocol

__ specimen/s for the diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis (w/ no more than __ days)

A

<6 specimens, 10 days

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27
Q

Proper stool collection

A
  1. Do not let stool touch toilet water as it can lead to contamination
  2. Do not defecate on the container directly
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28
Q

Fecal specimen patient information in container

A
  1. Patient name and ID number
  2. Requesting physician
  3. Date & Time of Collection`
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29
Q

Required information if fecal specimens

A
  1. Patient Name
  2. ID number
  3. Age
  4. Sex
  5. Date/Time of Collection
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30
Q

Fecal specimen should be submitted with the following patient information

A
  1. Patient’s name
  2. Age
  3. Sex
  4. Date/Time of collection
  5. Requesting Physician
  6. Requested Procedure
  7. Presumptive Diagnosis
  8. Prior Infections
  9. Travel History
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31
Q

date and time of collection

  1. Liquid stool
  2. Semi-formed stool
  3. Formed stool
A
  1. Liquid stool - 30 mins
  2. Semi-formed stool - an hour
  3. Formed stool - up to 24 hrs
32
Q

__________ should be found on the label of the container, whereas the remaining information is found on the requisition form

A

Patient’s name, age, sex and date/time of collection

33
Q

Important Factors to consider

A
  1. Intake of drugs / medicinal substances
  2. Intake of antibiotics
  3. Amount of stool to be collected
  4. Contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil must be prevented
  5. Age of the stool sample is very important for diarrheic specimens
  6. Delay in examination of specimens
  7. Temporary storage of fecal samples
34
Q

Cause of Intake of drugs / medicinal substances to fecal specimen

A

can form a crystalline residue which can interfere with the parasite identification

35
Q

Deferral for Intake of Drugs

A

1 week after last intake

36
Q

Cause of Intake of antibiotics

A

decreases the number of protozoans for several weeks; may eliminate the parasite causing a false negative result

37
Q

Deferral for Anti-protozoan drugs

A

3-4 weeks after intake

38
Q

Deferral for Anti-helminthic drugs

A

5-6 weeks after intake

39
Q

Stool sample that contains protozoan cyst

A

Formed stool

40
Q

Stool sample that contains trophozoites and must be tested within 30 minutes mark

A

Watery stool

41
Q

Amount of stool collected

  1. Formed stool
  2. Watery stool
A

Amount of stool collected

  1. Formed stool - thumb-sized specimen
  2. Watery stool - about 5-6 tablespoons
42
Q

Cause of contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil to specimen

A
  • Can destroy protozoan trophozoites
  • May contain free-living organisms that would complicate diagnosis of infectious disease
43
Q

T/F Age of the stool sample is very important for diarrheic specimens

44
Q

Cause of delay in examination of specimens

A

parasites present may not be identifiable when delayed

45
Q

acceptable temp for refrigeration

46
Q

cause of prolonged refrigeration to specimen

A

Dessication

47
Q

Cause of Refrigeration to :

  1. Trophozoites
  2. Helminth eggs
  3. Protozoan cysts
A
  1. Killed
  2. Usually not damaged
  3. Usually not damaged
48
Q

Type of refrigerator used to stool fecal specimens

49
Q

2 rules in temporary storage of fecal samples

A
  1. Never freeze stool samples
  2. Never keep them in incubators
50
Q

Stool Preservatives

A
  1. Formalin
  2. Schaudinn’s Solution
  3. Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA
  4. Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF)
  5. Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin SAF
51
Q

An all-purpose fixative for the recovery of protozoans & helminth

52
Q

Formalin fixative ratio

53
Q

Difference of formalin w :

  1. 5% concentration
  2. 10% concentration
A
  1. 5% concentration - for protozoan cysts
  2. 10% concentration - for helminth eggs and larvae
54
Q

used to preserve fresh stool specimens or sample from the intestinal mucosal surface for permanent staining

A

Schaudinn’s Solution

55
Q

Best to preserve the parasite

A

Schaudinn’s Solution

56
Q

Partner for schaudinn’s solution and acts as an adhesive to ensure that stool sample is attached

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA

57
Q

Can be a substitute for the schaudinn’s solution and useful for fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs, and larvae

A

Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF)

57
Q

A liquid fixative with a long shelf-life; used in concentration techniques but does not contain mercuric chloride

A

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin SAF

58
Q

Remaining unprocessed fresh samples may be preserved or discarded in a ____

A

yellow waste container

58
Q

Applicator stick from the fecal diagnostics and blood specimens will be submerged in _____

A

10% or 1: 10 hypochlorite solution

59
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of :

Formalin

A

A : for stool concentration; long shelf-life
D : Cannot preserve the protozoans trophozoite completely; not adequately preserve morphology

60
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of :

Schaudinn’s Solution

A

A : preserve
the morphology of the protozoans cyst and trophozoites; used for permanent staining
D : contains mercuric chloride

61
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of :

MIF

A

A: Easy to prepare, long shelf life, useful for field surveys
D : Inadequate preservation of morphology of trophozoites

62
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of :

SAF

A

A : Has the advantage of not containing mercuric chloride; long shelf-life
D : images of organisms fixed in SAF are not as sharp after staining

63
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of :

PVA

A

A : Related to the preservation of
protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining
D : Use of mercuric chloride

64
Q

The percentage of Formalin recommended for helminth eggs and larvae.

65
Q

Blood specimens for parasite detection should be collected before treatment is initiated True or False)

66
Q

A plastic resin which serves to adhere a stool sample onto a slide.

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA

67
Q

A stool preservative with mercuric chloride.

A

Schaudinn’s Solution and Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA

68
Q

It may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve the morphological characteristics of the organisms.

69
Q

What is the recommended amount of specimen when testing formed stool

A

Thumb-size

70
Q

What is the recommended amount of specimen when testing watery stool?

A

~ 5- 6 tablespoons

71
Q

The Lugol’s iodine component should always be freshly prepared since it is unstable.

72
Q

Formalin 10%concentration) is recommended to preserve protozoan cysts.

73
Q

Freezingstoolsamplesfor routine fecalysis is acceptable.

74
Q

Stool contaminated with toilet water must be rejected for analysis.

75
Q

Keeping stool samples in the incubator enhances recovery of protozoan cysts.

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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