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2ND YR 1S > PRL UNIT 2 > Flashcards

PRL UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rounded or angular when seen in fecal samples. No internal structure. Will stain pink to purple in iodine mounts.

A

Starch Granules

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2
Q

Common findings in Giardiasis and other parasitic infections causing malabsorption. Appears to be round with thin circular lining

A

Fat Globules

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3
Q

Epithelial cells show close resemblance to amebic trophozoites in size and
shape.

A

True

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4
Q

Yeasts are generally harmless, but may be associated with fungal infection.

A

True

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5
Q

Pollen grains may mimic Helminth larvae.

A

False

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6
Q

Various components found in Feces

A

Undigested food
Digestive by-product
Human cells
Secretions from digestive tract
Microorganisms

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7
Q

found in human samples that are responsible for incorrect identification

A

Fecal Artifacts

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8
Q

13 Fecal Artifacts

A

Pollen
Vegetable Cells
Vegetable Spirals
Plant Hair / Fiber
Yeast Cells
Starch Cells / Granules
Beaver Bodies
Fat Globules
Muscle Fiber
Air Bubbles
White Blood Cells
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
Charcot Leyden Crystals
Epithelial Cells

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9
Q

fecal artifact with little to no internal structures

A

Pollen

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10
Q

lacks 6-hooked oncosphere and lacks an embryo wall

A

Pollen

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11
Q

resemblance of Pollen

A
  1. Taenia spp
  2. Ascaris Lumbricoides
  3. Taenia Saginata
  4. Other helminth eggs
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12
Q

How to differentiate Pollen from Eggs

A

Check size and shape; check internal structures

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13
Q

May be confused with helminth eggs

A

Vegetable Cells

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14
Q

Appear in larger in sizes compared to helminth
eggs

A

Vegetable Cells

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15
Q

Polygonal and flattened; Interior portion is unorganized and contain large vacuoles

A

Vegetable Cells

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16
Q

Resemblance of vegetable cells

A
  1. Helminth eggs
  2. Ova of a parasite - hookworms
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17
Q

Ladder-like appearance and lacks head or tail region

A

Vegetable Spirals

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18
Q

Resemblance of Vegetable Spirals (due to shape and size)

A
  1. Helminth larvae
  2. Segments of a tapeworm - have internal structures
  3. Larvae
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19
Q

How to differentiate Vegetable Spirals to tapeworms

A

check internal structures

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20
Q

confused with helminth larva

A

Plant Hair / Fiber

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21
Q
  • Lacks head or tail region
  • Lack internal structures seen in true parasites
  • often broken at one end
  • Have a refractile center
A

Plant Hair/Fiber

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22
Q

Resemblance with Plant Hair/Fiber

A

Helminth Larva; hookworms and Strongyloides

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23
Q

oval and cyst-like with thin walls

A

Yeast Cells

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24
Q
  • Round to oval in shape
  • Normally present in stool hence reporting is not
    always necessary
A

Yeast Cells

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25
Q

parasite that causes diarrhea

A

Coccidia parasite

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26
Q

Resemblance of Yeast Cells - depending on size and color

A

Cryptosporidium spp.
Cyclospora spp.
Microsporidia
Helminth eggs
Protozoan cysts

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27
Q

How to differentiate Yeast Cells from parasites

A

Has a presence of budding on the cell

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28
Q

What type of infection are yeast infections / mold

A

Fungal Infection

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29
Q

Fresh or freshly preserved stools with significant numbers of budding yeast may indicate _____

A

Systemic Infection

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30
Q

patients who are prone to systemic infection

A

immunosuppressed patients

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31
Q

diagnosis when there’s a presence of yeast

A

HIV, AIDs or on chemotherapy

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32
Q

presence of branching pseudohyphae may be an indication of pathogenicity of the yeast

A

Candida spp.

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33
Q
  • Indicates pathogenicity of the yeast
  • Commonly observed in diabetic patients, who
    are more prone to fungal infection
A

branching pseudohyphae

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34
Q
  • Round to irregular round-shaped
  • Has poor to no internal structure or nucleus
  • Very refractile
A

Starch Cells / Granules

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35
Q

Starch Cells if it’s <

A

Starch granules

36
Q

Resemblance of Starch Cells / Granules

A

Protozoan Cysts
- Entamoeba hartmanni
- Entamoeba nana

37
Q

Iodine Staining for undigested starch stains

A

Blue-black and concentric layers of white homogenous materials

38
Q

Iodine Staining for Partially digested Starch

A

Red / Pink

39
Q

corpora parasitica

A

Beaver Bodies

40
Q

Protistan parasites of crayfish and psorospermium haeckelii

A

Beaver Bodies

41
Q

Resemblance of Beaver Bodies

A

Helminth Ova
- Psorospermium haeckelii

42
Q

When are fat globules present in stool

A
  1. Malabsorption
  2. Pancreatic enzyme deficiency
  3. Cystic Fibrosis
43
Q

Bile acts as emulsifiers and provides surface area for breakdown of fats

A

Pancreatic bile deficiency

44
Q
  • No internal organs, no nucleus;
  • Large amounts may indicate presence of excess fecal fat
A

Fat globules

45
Q

cause by excess fecal fat

A

Steatorrhea

46
Q

Resemblance of Fat Globules

A

Protozoan cysts

47
Q

Fat globules can be seen in patients suffering from ____

A

Giardia duodenalis

48
Q

May also be caused by a lack of bile resulting in the body’s inability to process fat globules

A

Steatorrhea

49
Q

undigested meat fibers

A

Muscle fiber

50
Q

T/F More striated fibers are less digested
compared to less striations

A

T

51
Q

present in patiens with high red-meat diet

A

Cystic Fibrosis

52
Q

Increased amounts of striated fibers are seen in ___

A

biliary
obstruction and gastrocolic fistulas; pancreatic insufficiency,
such as in cases of cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Presence of too much muscle fibers

A

Creatorrhea

54
Q

Resemblance of Muscle Fibers

A

Segment of a tapeworm or tapeworm proglottid

55
Q

How to differentiate muscle fibers from tapework

A

Check internal structure

56
Q

Indication of Striations in a Muscle Fiber

A

Striations - undigested
No Striations - digested

57
Q

Seen in improperly prepared wet mounts / smear

A

Air Bubbles

58
Q

infection is present when this is seen in stool

A

White Blood Cells

59
Q

permanent stain in WBC

A

Trichrome stain

60
Q

Resemblance of WBC

A

Histolytica
- E. histolytica
- E. dispar

61
Q

Type of WBC when Infection is present

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes PMNs)

62
Q

Nucleus of E. Histolytica and E. Dispar Cysts

A

Dark red, Round with central karyosome, and peripheral chromatin

63
Q

Cytoplasm of of E. Histolytica and E. Dispar Cysts

A

Green, Uniform, agranular cytoplasm

64
Q

One large nucleus that may be irregular in shape and may contain red-staining round bodies and nucleus may be absent

A

Macrophages

65
Q

Ratio of nuclear material to cytoplasm (PMNs)

A

1:1

66
Q

Ratio of nuclear material to cytoplasm (E. histolytica and E. dispar)

A

1: 10 to 1: 12 (trophozoite)
1: 2 to 1: 3 (cysts)

67
Q

Ratio of nuclear material to cytoplasm (Macrophages)

A

1: 4 - 1 :6

68
Q

How to differentiate WBC from cysts

A

Look at the size, ratio and complexity of the cell

69
Q

Ratio of nuclear material to cytoplasm (Trophozoites)

A

1: 10 to 1:12

70
Q

formed from the break-down products of eosinophils

A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

71
Q

causes severe helminthic infections

A

Increase in eosinophils

72
Q
  • Slender crystals with pointed ends “diamond-shaped”
  • Stain red-purple with trichrome stain
A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

73
Q

indication of Charcot Leyden Crystals

A
  1. Hypersensitivity / allergic reaction
  2. Parasitic helminth infections
74
Q

With a large, refractile nucleus and with distinct cell borders

A

Epithelial Cells

75
Q

Lack the typical interior structures of amebic trophozoites

A

Epithelial Cells

76
Q

Resemblance of Epithelial Cells

A

Amebic Trophozoites

77
Q

Ciliated epithelial tissue cells which resembles Ciliates

A

Detached Ciliary Tufts

78
Q

Vegetable spirals resemble ________ due to size and shape.

A

Helminth Larvae

79
Q

Rectangular structures representing undigested meat fibers.

A

Muscle Fibers

80
Q

Coiled strand of vegetable remnants with a ladder-like appearance.

A

Vegetable Spirals

81
Q

________ refers to the presence of too much fats in stool; _________ refers to the presence of too much muscle fibers in stool.

A

Steatorrhea; Creatorrhea

82
Q

These are diamond-shaped crystals which develop from eosinophil breakdown products.

A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

83
Q

There is a considerable resemblance of a yeast cell to the oocyst of ______.

A

Protozoan

84
Q

Sphere looking cyst like structures

A

Fat Globules

85
Q
A

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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