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2ND YR 1S > PR HEMOFLAG > Flashcards

PR HEMOFLAG Flashcards

1
Q

where hemoflagellates are found

A

Flagellates found in blood, tissues, and CSF

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2
Q

Medically important genera that infect humans

A

Trypanosoma and Leishmania (only these two infect humans)

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3
Q

Four morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
  3. Epimastigote
  4. Trypomastigote
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4
Q

Amastigote is also called as

A

Donovan Leishman Body

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5
Q

Structures seen in amastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Kinetoplast (anterior to nucleus) o axoneme
  • Basal body
  • Has no flagella
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6
Q

Stage present in Amastigote

A

Intracellular stage (inside the host cell)

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7
Q

Promastigote is also called as

A

Leptomonas

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8
Q

Structures seen in promastigote

A
  • Kinetoplast (still located anterior to nucleus)
  • Basal body o Axoneme
  • 1 anterior flagella
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9
Q

Epimastigote is also called as

A

Crithidia

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10
Q

Structures seen in epimastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Kinetoplast (still located
    anterior to nucleus)
  • 1 anterior flagellum
  • Undulating membrane (1/2
    body length)
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11
Q

Trypomastigote is also called as

A

Trypanosome

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12
Q

Structures seen in trypomastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Flagellum
  • Undulating membrane (full
    body length)
  • Kinetoplast (located posterior to nucleus)
  • Presence of metachromatic granules (Volutin granules)
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13
Q

4 main comparisons for morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote - oval-shaped
  2. Promastigote - More elongated and longer
  3. Epimastigote - Elongated, wider than promastigote
  4. Trypomastigote - Elongated, but with different forms (C, S, and U-shaped)
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14
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Triatomine bug

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15
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Human Stage)

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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16
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Human Stage)

A

Amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes

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17
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Bug Stage)

A

Trypomastigote

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18
Q

(T/F) Trypanosoma cruzi has all four morphological forms are found

A

True

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19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi primarily infects

A

myocytes, heart cells, and RESs

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20
Q

Diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas’ Disease
American Trypanosomiasis

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21
Q

Location of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Found in squalid areas or dirty areas, mud walls; South America

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22
Q

Mode of transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A
  • Vector-borne
  • Feces of vector entering bite wound
  • Blood transfusion
  • Transplacental (vertical, can cross placenta during pregnancy)
  • Transmission associated with poor living conditions
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23
Q

Final Host of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Humans

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24
Q

Intermediate host/Vector of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Reduviid Bug/Kissing bug (Triatoma, Panstrongylus, Rhodnius)

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25
Disease Manifestation of Trypanosoma Cruzi
- Acute Phase (Initial) - Chronic Phase (after 10-20 years)
26
Symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi - Acute Phase
- Fever and lymphadenopathy - Diffuse or focal inflammation (affecting myocardium) - Malaise - Nausea - Vomiting - Chagoma - Romana's sign
27
What is Chagoma
local inflammation, reddish nodule, furuncle-like lesions associated with central edema, regional lymphadenopathy (at site of bite wound)
28
What is Romana's sign
periorbital swelling (edema of eyelid and conjunctiva) parasite penetrates the conjunctiva, unilateral swelling (only one eyelid affected), bipalpebral edema, conjunctivitis
29
Symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi - Chronic Phase
Cardiac and Gastrointestinal Manifestation - no characteristic symptoms - congestive heart failure - mega colon (chronic constipation) - mega cardium/cardiomegaly (can develop arrhythmias and you can die) - mega esophagus (achalasia)
30
T/F During chronic phase of Trypanosoma cruzi, it is still capable of transmitting it to other people
True
31
What happens during the latent phase of Trypanosoma cruzi
after a few months, symptoms disappear
32
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi
- Chagoma : acute inflammatory reaction - Lectin : carbhydrates for binding - Target cells
33
Diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi
- presence of lesions - concentration methods - xenodiagnoses - culture : chang's NNN - serology : Guerreiro Machado Test
34
Diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi demonstration of trypanosomes
- blood (thick and thin smears) for definitive diagnosis - buffy coat (concentration technique: Strout Method) - CSF
35
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi
- Occurs only in the American continent - Highest prevalence in Brazil
36
Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi
Nifurtimox and Benznidazole
37
non-pathogenic parasite that causes American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma rangeli
38
where metacyclic trypomastigote discharged in Trypanosoma rangeli
salivary glands
39
Vector of Trypanosoma rangeli
Rhodnius
40
Vector of Trypanosoma brucei complex
Tsetse fly
41
Infective stage of Trypanosoma brucei (human stages)
metacyclic trypomastigotes
42
Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma brucei (human stages)
bloodstream trypomastigote
43
Infective stage of Trypanosoma brucei (Tse tse fly stages)
Trypomastigotes
44
Trypanosoma brucei complex is made up of two suspecies
Rhodesiense, Gambiense
45
difference of species in Trypanosoma brucei complex
Morphologically the same, different in location
46
primarily affects wild and domestic animals
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
47
Morphological stages seen in Trypanosoma brucei complex
only epimastigote and trypomastigote are seen
48
Epimastigote and trypomastigote in Trypanosoma brucei complex
- epimastigote in insect vector - trypomastigote in human (diagnostic stage)
49
How do trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei evade immune detection
trypanosomes evade immune detection through antigenic variation (VSGs)
50
MOT of Trypanosoma brucei complex
- Insect bite - through mechanical methods (accidental needle pricks), other blood-sucking insects, vertical transmission
51
Intermediate host of Trypanosoma brucei complex
Tsetse fly
52
Final Host of Trypanosoma brucei complex
Humans
53
Disease Manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (95% of cases)
- Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness - Trypanosomal Chancre - Chronic disease
54
Endemic area of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
West and Central Africa
55
Distinct Characteristics of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Antroponotic : no animal reservoir hosts involved - low parasitemia
56
Earliest sign of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosomal Chancre
57
Painful ulceration at site of bite
Trypanosomal Chancre
58
Patients still appear healthy, but trypomastigotes already seen in the blood smear
Trypanosomal Chancre
59
Other symptoms of Trypanosomal Chancre
- Lymphadenopathy - Winterbottom’s Sign - malaise, weakness, night sweats, dizziness, and nausea
60
What is Winterbottom’s Sign
affecting the cervical lymph node, its as big as a plum
61
Symptoms of chronic disease of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- CNS invasion - Sleeping sickness stage initiated - Prominent lympadenopathy - Kerandel's SIgn and Kernig's Sign - Terminal Phase : coma leading to death
62
What is Kerandel's Sign
delayed sensation to pain
63
What is Kernig's Sign
inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed at 90 degrees
64
Location of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (5% of cases)
East and South Africa (endemic area)
65
Distinct characteristics of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Many reservoir hosts (anthropozoonotic) - Sheep and ox - High parasitemia
66
Disease manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness - Gambian sleeping sickness
67
Symptoms of Gambian sleeping sickness
- But acute and rapidly progressing - Dead in less 9 months - CNS stage takes place in the early stages - Glomerulonephritis may also be seen - Minimal lymphadenopathy
68
Early stage and late stage of Trypanosomiasis
Hemolymphatic - early stage Meningoencephalitic - late stage
69
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei complex
- Generalized lymphoid hyperplasia - Anemia (blood loss) - Thrombocytopenia - Hypergammaglobulinemia - Immune evasion through VSGs - Acute infection for Rhodesian - Chronic infection for Gambian
70
Diagnosis for Trypanosoma brucei complex
Demonstration of trypomastigotes in blood, CSF, lymph node aspirate
71
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma brucei complex
Vectors inhabit areas near river banks and streams
72
Treatment for Trypanosoma brucei complex
- Pentamidine and Suramin (for blood and lymphatic stage) - Melarsoprol (Late stage)
73
Infective stage of sandflies (to humans)
promastigotes
74
Infective stage of sandflies (to sandflies)
amastigotes
75
Vector borne parasitic disease caused by sandflies
Leishmania spp.
76
Sandflies which cause Leishmania
- Phlebotomus spp. - Lutzomyia
77
What kind of parasites are Leishmania spp.
Intracellular parasites (inside host cells)
78
Type of disease Leishmania spp.
Zoonotic disease
79
MOT of Leishmania spp.
- Bite of vector - Blood transfusion - Close contact - Contamination of bite wounds
80
Intermediate host of Leishmania spp.
Sandflies
81
Final Host of Leishmania spp.
Humans
82
Disease Manifestation: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is also known as
Old World Leishmaniasis, Aleppo Button, Delhi Boil, Baghdad Boil, Jericho Boil
83
Etiologic agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica - skin capillaries - L. tropica: dry or urban oriental sore - L. major: moist or rural oriental sore - L. mexicana: chiclero ulcer
84
Symptoms of of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Painless elevated skin ulcers - Oriental Button: erythematous papule which forms an ulcer
85
AKA Anergic or Lepromatous Leishmaniasis
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
86
Characterized by a localized, non-ulcerating papule and develops diffuse satellite lesions
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
87
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis also known as
American, New World Leishmaniasis
88
Etiologic agent of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
89
Habitat of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
tissues in nose and mucous membranes
90
Late stage of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
spreads to oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa (can lead to dysphonia, dysphagia, and aspiration pneumonia)
91
Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as
Kala-azar, Dumdum Fever (this is a place), Black Fever
92
Etiologic Agent of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
93
Habitat of Visceral Leishmaniasis
RES
94
Symptoms of Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Dromedary fever peak - Splenomegaly - Cachexia - Reticuloendotheliosis - Hepatomegaly - Darkening of skin - Dermal Leishmanoid lesions (rare) - Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
95
Cutaneous eruption resulting in hypopigmented macules, malar erythema, nodules, and ulcerations
Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
96
Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, and Sudan
97
Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria
98
Epidemiology of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Brazil, Eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela
99
Diagnosis of Leishmania spp. for amastigotes
- Tissue biopsies - Skin biopsies - Animal inoculation - Examination of bone marrow, spleen, lymph node
100
Diagnosis of Leishmania spp.
- Montenegro Skin Test - Formol Gel Test
101
Test to determine if you have a previous exposure to the parasite
Montenegro Skin Test
102
Useful for donovani
Formol Gel Test
103
Treatment of Leishmania spp
Antimony compounds (sodium stibogluconate, n-methyl-glucamine antimonite or meglumine)

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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