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2ND YR 1S > PR HEMOFLAG > Flashcards

PR HEMOFLAG Flashcards

1
Q

where hemoflagellates are found

A

Flagellates found in blood, tissues, and CSF

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2
Q

Medically important genera that infect humans

A

Trypanosoma and Leishmania (only these two infect humans)

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3
Q

Four morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
  3. Epimastigote
  4. Trypomastigote
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4
Q

Amastigote is also called as

A

Donovan Leishman Body

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5
Q

Structures seen in amastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Kinetoplast (anterior to nucleus) o axoneme
  • Basal body
  • Has no flagella
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6
Q

Stage present in Amastigote

A

Intracellular stage (inside the host cell)

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7
Q

Promastigote is also called as

A

Leptomonas

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8
Q

Structures seen in promastigote

A
  • Kinetoplast (still located anterior to nucleus)
  • Basal body o Axoneme
  • 1 anterior flagella
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9
Q

Epimastigote is also called as

A

Crithidia

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10
Q

Structures seen in epimastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Kinetoplast (still located
    anterior to nucleus)
  • 1 anterior flagellum
  • Undulating membrane (1/2
    body length)
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11
Q

Trypomastigote is also called as

A

Trypanosome

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12
Q

Structures seen in trypomastigote

A
  • Nucleus
  • Flagellum
  • Undulating membrane (full
    body length)
  • Kinetoplast (located posterior to nucleus)
  • Presence of metachromatic granules (Volutin granules)
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13
Q

4 main comparisons for morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote - oval-shaped
  2. Promastigote - More elongated and longer
  3. Epimastigote - Elongated, wider than promastigote
  4. Trypomastigote - Elongated, but with different forms (C, S, and U-shaped)
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14
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Triatomine bug

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15
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Human Stage)

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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16
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Human Stage)

A

Amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes

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17
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma Cruzi (Bug Stage)

A

Trypomastigote

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18
Q

(T/F) Trypanosoma cruzi has all four morphological forms are found

A

True

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19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi primarily infects

A

myocytes, heart cells, and RESs

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20
Q

Diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas’ Disease
American Trypanosomiasis

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21
Q

Location of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Found in squalid areas or dirty areas, mud walls; South America

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22
Q

Mode of transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A
  • Vector-borne
  • Feces of vector entering bite wound
  • Blood transfusion
  • Transplacental (vertical, can cross placenta during pregnancy)
  • Transmission associated with poor living conditions
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23
Q

Final Host of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Humans

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24
Q

Intermediate host/Vector of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Reduviid Bug/Kissing bug (Triatoma, Panstrongylus, Rhodnius)

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25
Q

Disease Manifestation of Trypanosoma Cruzi

A
  • Acute Phase (Initial)
  • Chronic Phase (after 10-20 years)
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26
Q

Symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi

  • Acute Phase
A
  • Fever and lymphadenopathy
  • Diffuse or focal inflammation (affecting myocardium)
  • Malaise
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Chagoma
  • Romana’s sign
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27
Q

What is Chagoma

A

local inflammation, reddish nodule, furuncle-like lesions associated with central
edema, regional lymphadenopathy (at site of bite wound)

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28
Q

What is Romana’s sign

A

periorbital swelling (edema of eyelid and conjunctiva) parasite penetrates the
conjunctiva, unilateral swelling (only one eyelid affected), bipalpebral edema, conjunctivitis

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29
Q

Symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi

  • Chronic Phase
A

Cardiac and Gastrointestinal Manifestation
- no characteristic symptoms
- congestive heart failure
- mega colon (chronic constipation)
- mega cardium/cardiomegaly (can develop arrhythmias and you can die)
- mega esophagus (achalasia)

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30
Q

T/F During chronic phase of Trypanosoma cruzi, it is still capable of transmitting it to other people

A

True

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31
Q

What happens during the latent phase of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

after a few months, symptoms disappear

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32
Q

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Chagoma : acute inflammatory reaction
  • Lectin : carbhydrates for binding
  • Target cells
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33
Q

Diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • presence of lesions
  • concentration methods
  • xenodiagnoses
  • culture : chang’s NNN
  • serology : Guerreiro Machado Test
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34
Q

Diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi

demonstration of trypanosomes

A
  • blood (thick and thin smears) for definitive diagnosis
  • buffy coat (concentration technique: Strout Method)
  • CSF
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35
Q

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Occurs only in the American continent
  • Highest prevalence in Brazil
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36
Q

Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Nifurtimox and Benznidazole

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37
Q

non-pathogenic parasite that causes American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma rangeli

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38
Q

where metacyclic trypomastigote discharged in Trypanosoma rangeli

A

salivary glands

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39
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma rangeli

A

Rhodnius

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40
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Tsetse fly

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41
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma brucei (human stages)

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

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42
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma brucei (human stages)

A

bloodstream trypomastigote

43
Q

Infective stage of Trypanosoma brucei (Tse tse fly stages)

A

Trypomastigotes

44
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex is made up of two suspecies

A

Rhodesiense, Gambiense

45
Q

difference of species in Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Morphologically the same, different in location

46
Q

primarily affects wild and domestic animals

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

47
Q

Morphological stages seen in Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

only epimastigote and trypomastigote are seen

48
Q

Epimastigote and trypomastigote in Trypanosoma brucei complex

A
  • epimastigote in insect vector
  • trypomastigote in human (diagnostic stage)
49
Q

How do trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei evade immune detection

A

trypanosomes evade immune detection through antigenic variation (VSGs)

50
Q

MOT of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A
  • Insect bite
  • through mechanical methods (accidental needle pricks), other blood-sucking insects, vertical transmission
51
Q

Intermediate host of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Tsetse fly

52
Q

Final Host of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Humans

53
Q

Disease Manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (95% of cases)

A
  • Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness
  • Trypanosomal Chancre
  • Chronic disease
54
Q

Endemic area of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

West and Central Africa

55
Q

Distinct Characteristics of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A
  • Antroponotic : no animal reservoir hosts involved
  • low parasitemia
56
Q

Earliest sign of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Trypanosomal Chancre

57
Q

Painful ulceration at site of bite

A

Trypanosomal Chancre

58
Q

Patients still appear healthy, but trypomastigotes already seen in the blood smear

A

Trypanosomal Chancre

59
Q

Other symptoms of Trypanosomal Chancre

A
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Winterbottom’s Sign
  • malaise, weakness, night sweats, dizziness, and nausea
60
Q

What is Winterbottom’s Sign

A

affecting the cervical lymph node, its as big as a plum

61
Q

Symptoms of chronic disease of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A
  • CNS invasion
  • Sleeping sickness stage initiated
  • Prominent lympadenopathy
  • Kerandel’s SIgn and Kernig’s Sign
  • Terminal Phase : coma leading to death
62
Q

What is Kerandel’s Sign

A

delayed sensation to pain

63
Q

What is Kernig’s Sign

A

inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed at 90 degrees

64
Q

Location of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (5% of cases)

A

East and South Africa (endemic area)

65
Q

Distinct characteristics of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A
  • Many reservoir hosts (anthropozoonotic)
  • Sheep and ox
  • High parasitemia
66
Q

Disease manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A
  • Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness
  • Gambian sleeping sickness
67
Q

Symptoms of Gambian sleeping sickness

A
  • But acute and rapidly progressing
  • Dead in less 9 months
  • CNS stage takes place in the early stages
  • Glomerulonephritis may also be seen
  • Minimal lymphadenopathy
68
Q

Early stage and late stage of Trypanosomiasis

A

Hemolymphatic - early stage
Meningoencephalitic - late stage

69
Q

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A
  • Generalized lymphoid hyperplasia
  • Anemia (blood loss)
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hypergammaglobulinemia
  • Immune evasion through VSGs
  • Acute infection for Rhodesian
  • Chronic infection for Gambian
70
Q

Diagnosis for Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Demonstration of trypomastigotes in blood, CSF, lymph node aspirate

71
Q

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Vectors inhabit areas near river banks and streams

72
Q

Treatment for Trypanosoma brucei complex

A
  • Pentamidine and Suramin (for blood and lymphatic stage)
  • Melarsoprol (Late stage)
73
Q

Infective stage of sandflies (to humans)

A

promastigotes

74
Q

Infective stage of sandflies (to sandflies)

A

amastigotes

75
Q

Vector borne parasitic disease caused by sandflies

A

Leishmania spp.

76
Q

Sandflies which cause Leishmania

A
  • Phlebotomus spp.
  • Lutzomyia
77
Q

What kind of parasites are Leishmania spp.

A

Intracellular parasites (inside host cells)

78
Q

Type of disease Leishmania spp.

A

Zoonotic disease

79
Q

MOT of Leishmania spp.

A
  • Bite of vector
  • Blood transfusion
  • Close contact
  • Contamination of bite wounds
80
Q

Intermediate host of Leishmania spp.

A

Sandflies

81
Q

Final Host of Leishmania spp.

A

Humans

82
Q

Disease Manifestation: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is also known as

A

Old World Leishmaniasis, Aleppo Button, Delhi Boil, Baghdad Boil, Jericho Boil

83
Q

Etiologic agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania tropica
- skin capillaries
- L. tropica: dry or urban oriental sore
- L. major: moist or rural oriental sore
- L. mexicana: chiclero ulcer

84
Q

Symptoms of of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Painless elevated skin ulcers
- Oriental Button: erythematous papule which forms an ulcer

85
Q

AKA Anergic or Lepromatous Leishmaniasis

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

86
Q

Characterized by a localized, non-ulcerating papule and develops diffuse satellite lesions

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

87
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis also known as

A

American, New World Leishmaniasis

88
Q

Etiologic agent of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis

89
Q

Habitat of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

tissues in nose and mucous membranes

90
Q

Late stage of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

spreads to oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa (can lead to dysphonia, dysphagia,
and aspiration pneumonia)

91
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis also known as

A

Kala-azar, Dumdum Fever (this is a place), Black Fever

92
Q

Etiologic Agent of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani

93
Q

Habitat of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

RES

94
Q

Symptoms of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A
  • Dromedary fever peak
  • Splenomegaly
  • Cachexia
  • Reticuloendotheliosis
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Darkening of skin
  • Dermal Leishmanoid lesions (rare)
  • Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
95
Q

Cutaneous eruption resulting in hypopigmented macules, malar erythema, nodules, and ulcerations

A

Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

96
Q

Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, and Sudan

97
Q

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria

98
Q

Epidemiology of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Brazil, Eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela

99
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmania spp. for amastigotes

A
  • Tissue biopsies
  • Skin biopsies
  • Animal inoculation
  • Examination of bone marrow, spleen, lymph node
100
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmania spp.

A
  • Montenegro Skin Test
  • Formol Gel Test
101
Q

Test to determine if you have a previous exposure to the parasite

A

Montenegro Skin Test

102
Q

Useful for donovani

A

Formol Gel Test

103
Q

Treatment of Leishmania spp

A

Antimony compounds (sodium stibogluconate, n-methyl-glucamine antimonite or meglumine)

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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