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2ND YR 1S > PRL U4 > Flashcards

PRL U4 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite

African trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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2
Q

Parasite

Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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3
Q

Parasite

Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania spp.

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4
Q

Parasite

Malaria

A

Plasmodium spp.

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5
Q

Parasite

Babesia

A

Babesia spp.

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6
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Glossina spp. (Tsetse fly)

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7
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatoma (“kissing”) bugs

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8
Q

Vector of Leishmania spp.

A

Phlebotomine sand flies

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9
Q

Vector of Malaria

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

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10
Q

Vector of Babesia spp.

A

Ticks

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11
Q

4 morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote – (Donovan Leishman)
  2. Promastigote – (Leptomonas)
  3. Epimastigote – (Crithidia)
  4. Trypomastigote
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12
Q

Characteristics of Amastigote

A

non-flagellated oval form

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13
Q

Characteristics of Promastigote

A

Flagellated stage found in the vector, rarely seen in the blood

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14
Q

Characteristics of Epimastigote

A

Long, slender flagellated form Found in arthropod vectors

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15
Q

Characteristics of Trypomastigote

A

has undulating membrane running the length of the body, found in the vector and bloodstream of humans

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16
Q

forms are found in Trypanosoma cruzi infections

A

All forms : amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote

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17
Q

forms seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

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18
Q

forms seen in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote and promastigote

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19
Q

Diagnostic Stages (found in humans)

A

amastigote and or trypomastigote

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20
Q

Mature forms

A

promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote

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21
Q

Trypanosoma is also called

A

African Sleeping Sickness
American Trypanosomiasis

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22
Q

General characteristics of Trypanosoma

A
  • Multiply by binary fission
  • Found in the blood
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23
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi Infective Stage

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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24
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnostic Stage

A

Humans : amastigote
Blood : trypomastigote

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25
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma is made by

A

microscopic examination of blood, CSF, lymph node aspirate, chancre aspirate, microhematocrit centrifugation, serologic testing

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26
Q

Trypanosomiasis occurs mainly in

A

Africa and South America

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27
Q

2 species of Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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28
Q

causes African trypanosomiasis or african sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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29
Q

Trypanosoma brucei infects (system)

A

the lymphatic system and CNS

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30
Q

Symptoms caused by Trypanosoma brucei

A

Swollen lymph nodes at the posterior base of the neck

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31
Q

Causes Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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32
Q

symptoms of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

lesion formation, conjunctivitis, edema of the face and legs, and heart muscle involvement leading to myocarditis

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33
Q

periorbital swelling caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Romañas sign

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34
Q

other called African Trypanosomiasis

A

“African Sleeping Sickness”

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35
Q

MOT African Trypanosomiasis

A

Mother to child infection, Blood transfusion, Sexual contact, Mechanical transmission

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36
Q

East african Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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37
Q

Primary reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Animals (wild and domestic), antilope, cows and carabaos

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38
Q

Illness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Acute (early CNS invasion), <9 mos

39
Q

Lymphadenopathy of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Minimal

40
Q

Parasitemia of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

High

41
Q

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Antropozoonosis

42
Q

Recommended specimes

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A

Chancre aspirate, lymph node aspirate, blood, CSF

43
Q

West african Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

44
Q

Primary reservoirs

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Humans

45
Q

Illness

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Chronic (late CNS invasion), months to years

46
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A
47
Q

Lymphadenopathy

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Prominent

48
Q

Parasitemia

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Low

49
Q

Epidemiology

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Anthroponosis, rural populations

50
Q

Recommended specimens

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A

Chancre aspirate, lymph node aspirate, blood, CSF

51
Q

Initial lesion of African Trypanosomiasis

A

local, painful, pruritic, erythematous

52
Q

African Trypanosomiasis Stage 1

A

Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

53
Q

Symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis Stage 1

A

Fever
Headache
Joint pain
Malaise
Winter bottom’s sign

54
Q

Occurs when trypomastigotes enter the hemolymphatic system to
undergo asexual reproduction

A

Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)

55
Q

enlargement of cervical lymph node

A

Winter bottom’s sign

56
Q

has CNS involvement

A

Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

57
Q

delayed sensation caused by trypanosomes affecting BBB

A

Kerandel’s sign

58
Q

Symptoms of Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)

A
  • Sleeping sickness
  • Neurologic symptoms
  • Personality changes, headaches, and withdrawal from the environment
  • Nocturnal
  • Insomnia
  • Daytime lethargy
  • Secondary infections = pneumonia
59
Q

Stage 1 treatment

A

Pentamidine, Suramin

60
Q

Stage 2 treatment

A

Melarsoprol, Eflornithine, Nifurtimox

61
Q

Prevention of African Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Control in the reservoir like livestock
  • Remove scrub
  • Education
  • Public awareness
  • Hygiene
62
Q

Diagnosis of African Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF
  • Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa)
  • Buffy coat concentration
  • Lymph node aspirates
63
Q

other term for American Trypanosomiasis

A

Chagas Disease or South American trypanosomiasis

64
Q

Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Mediated via vectors = Kissing Bugs
  • Ingestion of food contaminated with parasites
  • Blood transfusions
  • Fetal transfusion
  • T. cruzi = by Carlos Chagas
65
Q

Diagnostic stage of American trypanosomiasis

A
  1. Trypomastigotes: bloodstream
  2. Amastigotes: tissue cells
66
Q

Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Acute phase)

A
  • 1 week after infection
  • Fever, lymph node enlargement,
    unilateral swelling of eyelids
  • Damaged muscle cells and
    edema
67
Q

Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Intermediate phase)

A

Asymptomatic

67
Q

MOT of Romana’s sign

A

accidentally rubbing of eyes using hands with feces

68
Q

Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Chronic phase)

A

Cardiac manifestation & gastrointestinal manifestation

69
Q

Diagnosis stage of Acute Phase

A
  1. Wet smear – blood, CSF = examination for motile
    trypomastigote
  2. Thick and Thin Smear (Stain = Giemsa)
  3. CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination
  4. Xenodiagnosis
70
Q

Diagnosis stage of Chronic Phase

A

Serological testing

71
Q

Leishmaniasis Old World

A

L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major

72
Q

Leishmaniasis New World

A

L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi

73
Q

Agent of Leishmaniasis

A

Phlebotomus sp. (old world); Lutzomyia (new world)

74
Q

Primarily a zoonotic disease

A

Leishmaniasis

75
Q

most common form of leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

76
Q

causes Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

A

Leishamania tropica

77
Q

Usually with one or more painless ulcers

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)

78
Q

Usually occurs months or years after healing of primary CL

A

Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

79
Q

Etiologic agent of Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

A

L. braziliensis

80
Q

can cause destruction of the nasal septum, palate, and other mucosal structures, leading to devastating facial mutilation and, rarely, death from airway involvement

A

Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

81
Q

Lesions confused with lepromatous leprosy

A

Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)

82
Q

nodules are often described as soft and fleshy, while those of leprosy are
generally more indurated.

A

Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)

83
Q

febrile illness with weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and decreases in the production of blood cells

A

Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

84
Q

Etiologic agent of Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)

A

L.donovani and L.infantum

85
Q

Agent of visceral fever/ Dum-dum fever/ Donovani Kala-azar fever (VL)

A

Leishmania donovani

86
Q

Agent of cutaneous oriental sore

A

Leishmania tropica

87
Q

Agent of mucocutaneous lesion/ mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis

88
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis

A

Sx: Tissue biopsy, skin, spleen, lymphnodes

89
Q

Tests for Leishmaniasis

A
  • Stained smears
  • Culture (NNNmedium;Schneider’smedium)
  • Montenegro skin test - Intradermal Testing
90
Q

Treatment for Leishmaniasis

A

Amphotericin B; Pentamidine; Nifurtimox & Antimony compounds

91
Q

Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis

A

Primarily a disease of poverty

92
Q

Prevention of Leishmaniasis

A

Early diagnosis and effective treatment
Vector control
Effective disease surveillance
Control of animal reservoir hosts
Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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