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2ND YR 1S > PR TRM GENERALITIES, LIVER & PANCREATIC FLUKES > Flashcards

PR TRM GENERALITIES, LIVER & PANCREATIC FLUKES Flashcards

1
Q

body with holes

A

Trematodes

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2
Q

Trematodes are also called as

A

flatworms / flukes

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3
Q

IH of trematodes

A

has 2 intermediate hosts except Schistosoma

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4
Q

T/F All appear flat and leaf-like

A

T

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5
Q

T/F All are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented

A

F; unsegmented

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6
Q

T/F All are monoecious

A

F; Schistosoma species are dioecious

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7
Q

Term used if both testes and ovary is present in one parasite

A

hermaphrodites

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8
Q

T/F All have well developed organs

A

T

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9
Q

T/F All eggs are operculated

A

F; Schistosomes do not have an operculum

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10
Q

T/F All require 2 IH except Schistosomes

A

T

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11
Q

T/F All possess two suckers

A

F; Heterophyes heterophyes has 3 suckers

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12
Q

Systems present

A

Digestive System - incomplete alimentary canal
Reproductive System - well-developed
Nervous System - basic

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13
Q

Liver Flukes

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis and Opisthorchis
Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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14
Q

Intestinal Flukes

A

Fasciola buski
Echinostoma ilocanum

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15
Q

Lung Fluke

A

Paragonimus westermani

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16
Q

Blood Fluke

A

Schistosoma spp.

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17
Q

Other term for ventral sucker

A

acetabulum

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18
Q

Pancreatic Fluke

A

Eurytrema pancreaticum

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19
Q

3 types of suckers and its function present in trematodes

A
  1. Oral sucker - for nutrition
  2. Ventral sucker - for attachment
  3. Genital sucker - for reproduction
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20
Q

Intermediate hosts

A
  1. Mollusks/snail
  2. Plants, insects, animals, water plants, fish, crustaceans (except Schistosoma)
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21
Q

Other term for genital sucker

A

gonotyl

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22
Q

Life Cycle of Trematodes

A
  1. Embryonated egg (freshwater)
  2. Miracidium
  3. 1st IH
  4. Sporocyst
  5. Redia
  6. Cercaria
  7. 2nd IH
  8. Metacercaria
  9. Humans
  10. Adult worms (depends on habitat)
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23
Q

Fasciola spp.

FH

A
  • sheep, cattle, and other herbivores
  • humans infected occasionally
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24
Q

DS of trematodes

A

Embryonated egg except Schistosoma

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25
Q

MOT of trematodes

A
  • Ingestion
  • Schistosoma : skin penetration
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26
Q

IS of trematodes

A
  • Metacercaria
  • Schistosoma : fork-tailed cercaria
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27
Q

Shape of trematodes

A
  • flat, leaf-like
  • Schistosoma : cylindrical
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28
Q

branching structures on lateral portion for egg-shell production

A

Vitellaria

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29
Q

T/F Trematodes has no circulatory, skeletal, and respiratory system

A

T; only reproductive and nervous system

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30
Q

Fasciola hepatica

FH

A

Sheep

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31
Q

Fasciola gigantica

FH

A

Cattles

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32
Q

Fasciola spp.

Habitat

A

biliary passages of liver

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33
Q

Fasciola spp.

1st IH

A

Snails
- Lymnaea philippinensis
- Planorbidae spp.

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34
Q

Fasciola spp.

2nd IH

A

Aquatic plants
- Ipomea obscura (kangkong, swamp cabbage)
- Nasturtium officinale (water cress)

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35
Q

Fasciola spp.

MOT

A

ingestion of undercooked or raw aquatic plants containing the metacercaria

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36
Q

Fasciola spp.

How eggs are reported

A

Fasciola eggs

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37
Q

Fasciola hepatica

Common name

A

Sheep Liver Fluke, Temperate Liver Fluke

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38
Q

Fasciola hepatica

Adult Worms (Shape, cephalic cone and shoulders)

A
  • Large broad, flat body
  • Shorter cephalic cone and prominent shoulders
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39
Q

Fasciola hepatica

Intestinal ceca

A

highly branched

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40
Q

Fasciola hepatica

Testes

A

highly branched, in tandem

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41
Q

Fasciola hepatica

Ovary and uterus

A
  • Ovary : dendritic
  • Uterus : coiled and short
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42
Q

Fasciola gigantica

Adult Worms (Shape, cephalic cone and shoulders)

A
  • Longer but narrower (slender)
  • present cephalic cone and less developed shoulders
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43
Q

Fasciola gigantica

Testes

A

branching, in tandem

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44
Q

Fasciola spp. eggs

Appearance

A
  • hen’s egg appearance
  • similar to Fasciolopsis and echinostomes
45
Q

Fasciola spp. eggs

Operculum & Maturity

A

operculated, unembryonated

46
Q

Fasciola spp.

Three important manifestations

A

Triad of high fever, hepatomegaly and marked eosinophilia

47
Q

Fasciola spp.

Disease Manifestation

A
  • Fascioliasis
  • Halzoun/Marrara
  • Pseudofascioliasis
  • Sheep Liver Rot
  • Cirrhosis, Liver Atrophy, Liver Cancer
48
Q

Fasciola spp.

Diagnosis

A
  • Fecalysis : FECT, Kato-Katz
  • Duodenal or Bile Aspirate
  • Serology
  • Laparotomy : Surgical
  • Diet History
49
Q

Fasciola spp.

Reservoir hosts

A

hares and rabbits

50
Q

Fasciola spp.

DOC

A

Bithionol
Triclabendazole

51
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

Habitat

A

Liver, Gallbladder

52
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

Habitat

A

Liver
- biliary passages, bile duct

53
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

MOT

A

ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing metacercaria

54
Q

Clonorchis

FH

A

humans

55
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

Reservoir hosts

A

cats, dogs, pigs, other mammals

56
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

where adult worms feed on

A

tissue fluids, red blood cells, and mucus

57
Q

most important liver fluke of man

A

Clonorchis sinensis

58
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

1st IH

A

Snails
- Parafossarulus
- Bulinus

59
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

2nd IH

A

Freshwater fish (Cyprinidae)
Freshwater Shrimp

60
Q

Clonorchis

Common name

A

C. sinensis: Chinese/Oriental Liver Fluke

61
Q

Clonorchis

Adult Worms

A
  • Flat, transparent, elongated, rounded posteriorly
  • Attenuated anteriorly
  • Lance-shaped
  • Spatulate
62
Q

Clonorchis

Intestinal ceca

A

simple and unbranched

63
Q

Clonorchis

Testes

A

Deeply branched, arranged in tandem

64
Q

Clonorchis

Suckers

A

Oral sucker bigger than ventral sucker (biggest OS)

65
Q

Opisthorchis spp.

Common name

A

O. felineus: Cat liver fluke, Siberian Liver Fluke
O. viverrini: Southeast Asian Fluke

66
Q

Opisthorchis spp.

Appearance

A
  • Leaf-like
  • Elongated and spatulate
67
Q

Opisthorchis

Intestinal Ceca

A

simple, branched

68
Q

Opisthorchis spp.

Suckers

A

VS > OS

69
Q

Opisthorchis spp.

Testes

A

lobate and oblique

70
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis Eggs

Appearance

A

Old fashioned bulb or pitcher shape
Well defined operculated shoulders

71
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis Eggs

Operculum, Maturity

A

Operculated, Embryonated

72
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis Eggs

Distinction from other eggs

A

Has convex operculum and abopercular protuberance

73
Q

Clonorchis or Opisthorchis

Abopercular protuberance of egg is thick

A

Opisthorchis

74
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

Abopercular protuberance of egg is comma shaped

A

Clonorchis

75
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis Eggs are similar to

A

H. heterophyes (no abopercular protuberance)

76
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

Disease Manifestation

A

Cancer
Cholangiocarcinma
Clonorchiasis

77
Q

Opistorchis spp.

Disease Manifestation

A

Opistorchiasis
Hepatomegaly
Cholangiocarcinoma

78
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

Diagnosis

A
  • Fecalysis (FECT, Kato-Katz)
  • Duodenal aspirates, entero-test
  • Stoll’s Dilution
  • Serology
  • Cholangiography
79
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

Stain used for eggs

A

Potassium permanganate

80
Q

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

DOC

A

Praziquantel

81
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Common name

A

Lanceolate Fluke or Lancet Fluke

82
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Other names

A

Fasciola dendriticum or Fasciola lanceolata

83
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

FH

A

herbivores (ruminents), cows, sheep, and cattle

84
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Habitat

A

Bile Duct, Liver

85
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

1st IH

A

Snail
- Cionella lubrica

86
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

2nd IH

A

Ants
- Formica fusa

87
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

MOT

A

ingestion of ants containing metacercaria

88
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Groups of cercaria

A

Germ ball / Slime ball formation

89
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Appearance

A

Lancet shaped
- Blade like, lancet like

90
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Testes

A

Branching, tandem, located in anterior 1/3

91
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Eggs

A

Dark brown, thick shelled, large operculum

92
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Operculum, Maturity

A

Operculated, Embryonated

93
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Diagnosis

A

Stool exam

94
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Disease manifestation

A

Asymptomatic
Hyperplasia of epithelium

95
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Disease Manifestation : Heavy Infections

A

enlargement of bile ducts and hyperplasia of epithelium, may lead to cirrhosis

96
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

DOC

A

Praziquantel

97
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Type of Fluke

A

Pancreatic Fluke

98
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

FH

A

hogs, sheep, goat, cattle

99
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

AH

A

human

100
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Habitat

A

Pancreas, Liver

101
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

1st IH

A

Snail
- Macrochlamys indica

102
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

2nd IH

A

Technomyrmex deterquens (ant), Grasshoppers, Mantis, Crickets

103
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Adult Worms

A

Ruffled border or body margin

104
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Testis and Ovary

A

Testis : 2 notched
Ovary : 1 notched

105
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Eggs

A

Similar to lancet fluke, operculated

106
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Operculum, Maturity

A

Operculated, Embryonated

107
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Disease Manifestation

A
  • Eurytremiasis : Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-like symptoms
  • Pancreatitis
108
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Diagnosis

A

Stool exam

109
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

DOC

A

Praziquantel

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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