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PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) > PRELIM 02 - Crude Drugs > Flashcards

PRELIM 02 - Crude Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

3 sources of crude drugs (PAM)

A

Plants, Animals, Minerals

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1
Q

Are natural substances which have undergone the process of collection and drying

A

Crude drugs

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2
Q

Found as sedimentary deposits and as weathering or hydrothermal alternation products of rocks

A

Clay

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3
Q

Used to stop bleeding and for a condition that involves swelling and sores in the mouth

A

Kaolin

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4
Q

Used as a treatment for diarrhea; derived from kaolin

A

Kao-pectate

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5
Q

A soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is a component in toothpaste and is used as a filter to clarify syrups and sugar

A

Kieselguhr/Diatomaceous Earth/Diatomite

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6
Q

5 steps for preparation of crude drugs (CHDCG)

A

Collection, Harvesting, Drying, Curing, Garbling

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7
Q

Ensuring the true natural source of the drug (Steps in crude drug preparation)

A

Collection

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8
Q

The time wherein the drug in a part of a plant is highest in its content

A

Collection time

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9
Q

__________ are collected when photosynthesis is active (Collection process)

A

Flower tops/leaves

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10
Q

____________ are collected when fully matured (Collection process)

A

Seeds

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11
Q

__________ are collected prior or just about the time of pollination (Collection process)

A

Flowers

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12
Q

__________ and __________ are collected during dry weather (Collection process) (GO)

A

Gums, Oleoresin

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13
Q

__________ are collected near its ripening period (Collection process)

A

Fruits

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14
Q

__________ is collected from citrus fruits (Collection process)

A

Pectin

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15
Q

__________ is collected from unripe citrus fruits (Collection process)

A

Protopectin

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16
Q

____________ is collected from citrus fruits that are just ripe (Collection process)

A

Pectin

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17
Q

__________ is collected from citrus fruits that are overripe (Collection process)

A

Pectic acid

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18
Q

__________ is collected from the young leaves of marijuana (Collection process)

A

Cannabidiol

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19
Q

__________ is collected from the mature leaves of marijuana (Collection process)

A

Cannabicol (THC)

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20
Q

3 equipment used in harvesting (PMB)

A

Picker, Mower, Binder

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21
Q

Removes moisture to ensure good keeping qualities; it also stops the action of enzymes & other chemical reactions and fixes the active ingredient in a drug product (Steps in crude drug preparation)

A

Drying

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22
Q

3 types of drying (AAV)

A

Air drying, Artificial drying, Vacuum drying

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23
Q

Is a special drying process that enhances the properties of the plant’s active ingredient (Steps in crude drug preparation)

A

Curing

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24
Q

The final step; involves the removal of extraneous matter such as other parts of the plant, dirt, and adulterants (Steps in crude drug preparation)

A

Garbling

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25
Q

4 factors that affect packing, storage, and preservation (MLTI)

A

Moisture, Light, Temperature, Insects

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26
Q

4 storage materials that can be used in packing, storage, and preservation (PBSC)

A

Paper boxes, Barrels, Sacks, Cans

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27
Q

Uses the organs of senses (Evaluation of crude drugs)

A

Organoleptic

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28
Q

Evaluating the microscopic appearance of a drug (Evaluation of crude drugs)

A

Microscopic

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29
Q

Involves bioassay procedures, which are assays that uses living animals or excited organs to evaluate the effect of drugs (Evaluation of crude drugs)

A

Pharmacologic

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30
Q

Rooster is used in the bioassay of __________

A

Oxytocin

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31
Q

Pigeon is used for the bioassay of __________

A

Digitalis

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32
Q

Cats are used for the bioassay of __________

A

Atropine

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33
Q

Involves assay of active constituents using chemicals (Evaluation of crude drugs)

A

Chemical evaluation

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34
Q

The best method for determining official potency

A

Titration

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35
Q

Test for cottonseed oil (Chemical evaluation tests)

A

Halphen’s test

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36
Q

Test for Ergot (Chemical evaluation tests)

A

Van Urk’s reagent

37
Q

Test for purine bases (Chemical evaluation tests)

A

Murexide test

38
Q

Test for tropane alkaloid (Chemical evaluation tests)

A

Vitalis test

39
Q

Positive result for Mayer’s reagent

40
Q

Positive result for Dragendorff’s reagent

A

Orange brown ppt

41
Q

Using physical constraints to determine the purity of drugs (Evaluation of crude drugs)

42
Q

Is measured on air-dried basis (Physical evaluation)

A

Moisture content

43
Q

The index of drug composition standardizing liquid drugs (Physical evaluation)

44
Q

The index of purity (Physical evaluation)

A

Melting point

45
Q

Used to determine if drug is optically active; determined at 25°C using sodium lamp as the light source (Physical evaluation)

A

Optical rotation

46
Q

Ratio of velocity of the light in vacuum/velocity in the substance (Physical evaluation)

A

Refractive index

47
Q

The residue remaining after incineration (Physical evaluation)

A

Ash content

48
Q

Approximate measure of the chemical constituents of a drug (Physical evaluation)

A

Extractives

49
Q

Arranged alphabetically either in Latin name or in English name (Classification of crude drugs)

A

Alphabetically

50
Q

Arranged to taxonomic orders (Classification of crude drugs)

51
Q

Based on the pharmacologic action of chief active constituent (Classification of crude drugs)

A

Pharmacologic

52
Q

Based on the chemical nature of the most important constituents (Classification of crude drugs)

53
Q

Substandard drug regardless of cause (Adulteration of crude drugs)

A

Inferiority

54
Q

Microbial attack (Adulteration of crude drugs)

55
Q

Impairment in the quality of the drug (Adulteration of crude drugs)

A

Deterioration

56
Q

Addition of one article to another; caused by ignorance, carelessness, or accident (Adulteration of crude drugs)

57
Q

May be intentional or deliberate (Adulteration of crude drugs)

A

Sophistication

58
Q

An entirely different article is sold or used (Adulteration of crude drugs)

A

Substitution

59
Q

Process used to obtain the desirable portion of a drug and eliminate the inert material

A

Extraction

60
Q

Extraction uses a selective solvent known as the __________

61
Q

Refers to the undissolved portion of the drug in the extraction process

62
Q

Refers to the product of the extraction process

A

Percolate/Extractive

63
Q

Appropriate solvent for fats

64
Q

Appropriate solvent for resins

65
Q

Appropriate solvent for chlorophyll

66
Q

Appropriate solvent for chrysarobin

A

Hot benzene

67
Q

Drugs which contain water soluble active constituents; examples include tannins, sugars, and glycosides (Types of extractives)

A

Water soluble extractives

68
Q

Used to determine approximate resin content of drug; the official method for the assay of myrrh and asofoctida (Types of extractives)

A

Alcohol soluble extractives

69
Q

May be volatile or non-volatile (Types of extractives)

A

Ether soluble extractives

70
Q

Are soluble extractives; represent the volatile oil of the drug (Types of ether soluble extractives)

A

Volatile ether

71
Q

Represents resins, fixed oil, and coloring matter (Types of ether soluble extractives)

A

Non-volatile ether

72
Q

Uses hot water; has less contact time (Methods of extraction)

73
Q

Soaked in solvent for long period of time regardless of the temperature (Methods of extraction)

A

Maceration

74
Q

Continuous extracting process (Methods of extraction)

A

Percolation

75
Q

<30°-40°C; uses slow heat (Methods of extraction)

76
Q

Uses boiling water (Methods of extraction)

77
Q

Involves partitioning (Methods of extraction)

A

Liquid-liquid extraction

78
Q

Used for volatile substances (Methods of extraction)

A

Distillation

79
Q

__________ metabolites are active constituents

80
Q

The process of producing secondary metabolites is known as __________ and __________ (DB)

A

Drug biogenesis, Biosynthesis

81
Q

__________ contains cannabidiol and cannabinol

A

Cannabis sativa

82
Q

Japanese peppermint has __________% more menthol

83
Q

__________ contains vinca alkaloids

A

Catharantus roseus (Chichirica)

84
Q

__________ are secondary metabolites produced in plants for protection versus infection

A

Phytoalexins

85
Q

From Slenda (Examples of phytoalexins)

A

Resveratrol

86
Q

From Solanum tuberosum (Examples of phytoalexins)

A

Scopoletin

87
Q

A defensive sesquiterpene produced by wild tobacco and capsicum species (Examples of phytoalexins)

88
Q

Capsidiol is produced in response to the fungal pathogen __________

A

Alternaria alternate

89
Q

Are those that strengthen immune response of plants

A

Adaptogens

PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) (7 decks)

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