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PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) > PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacognosy > Flashcards

PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacognosy Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs of natural origin

A

Pharmacognosy

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2
Q

Pharmacognosy was coined by __________

A

J.A. Schmidt

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3
Q

Yarrow, marshmallow, grounsel, centaury, ephedra, and muscari were used by the Neanderthals (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Prehistoric era

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4
Q

Cave in Iraq that was the burial site of Neanderthals during the prehistoric era

A

Shanidar cave

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5
Q

Scientific name of Neanderthals

A

Homo neaderthalensis

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6
Q

6 plants used by the Neanderthals during the prehistoric era (YMGCEM)

A

Yarrow, Marshmallow, Grounsel, Centaury, Ephedra, Muscari

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7
Q

__________ was polished to create tools to clear trees and help farming

A

Stone

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8
Q

Food gathering transformed to become a food producing economy (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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9
Q

Men compiled remedies and wrote them down (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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10
Q

Women prepared food and healing potions; they also practiced herbalism (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

New stone age

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11
Q

During the New Stone age, __________ cultivated and gathered over 200 different plants

A

Lake dwellers

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12
Q

6 plants cultivated and gathered by lake dwellers during the New Stone age (PSFVSM)

A

Papaver somniferum, Sambucus ebulus, Fumaria officinalis, Verbena officinalis, Saponaria officinalis, Menyanthes trifoliate

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13
Q

Modern name of Mesopotamia

A

Iraq

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14
Q

Word that means “The Land between the Rivers”

A

Mesopotamia

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15
Q

2 rivers that surround Mesopotamia (TE)

A

Tigris, Euphrates

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16
Q

Cuneiform writing was invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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17
Q

__________ was one of the earliest forms of writing; consists of wedge-shaped patterns made in wet mud tablets using a stylus

A

Cuneiform writing

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18
Q

The largest and oldest surviving medical treatise from ancient Mesopotamia

A

Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis

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19
Q

The __________ provided the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary

A

Babylonians

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20
Q

3 practitioners of healing in Ancient Mesopotamia (PPP)

A

Priest, Pharmacist, Physician

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21
Q

2 professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia (AA)

A

Ashipu, Asu

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22
Q

Was the “sorcerer”; they diagnose the ailment (Professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia)

A

Ashipu

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23
Q

Was the “physician”; they are specialists in herbal remedies (Professional medical practitioners in Ancient Mesopotamia)

A

Asu

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24
Q

The oldest deciphered writing containing 265 laws; recommends the application of sesame oil which acted as an antibacterial agent

A

Law code of Hammurabi

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25
Q

The Law Code of Hammurabi contains __________ laws

A

265

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26
Q

One of the texts in the Law Code of Hammurabi recommends the application of dressing consisting mainly of __________, which acts as an antibacterial agent

A

Sesame oil

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27
Q

Ebers papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, and Kahun medical papyrus were invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Ancient Egypt

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28
Q

A papyrus that is the most complete medical document existing with a collection of 800 prescriptions and 700 drugs; from Ancient Egypt

A

Ebers papyrus

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29
Q

Papyrus that contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics; from Ancient Egypt

A

Edwin Smith papyrus

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30
Q

Edwin Smith bought the Ebers papyrus in __________

A

1862

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31
Q

Papyrus that deals with the health of women, including birthing instructions; from Ancient Egypt

A

Kahun medical papyrus

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32
Q

Ayurveda was invented (Era in pharmacognosy history)

A

Ancient India

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33
Q

Term used for the traditional medicine of Ancient India

A

Ayurveda

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34
Q

Indian word which means “life”

35
Q

Indian word which means “study”

36
Q

The golden rule of ayurveda

A

Eat slowly and mindfully

37
Q

He was the “Father of Pharmacognosy”

A

Pedanius Dioscorides

38
Q

Date when Pedanius Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica

39
Q

In AD 60, Pedanius Dioscorides wrote __________

A

De Materia Medica

40
Q

Covers aromatic oils, the plants that provide them, and ointments made from them (Volume of De Materia Medica)

A

Volume I (Aromatics)

41
Q

Covers an assortment of topics, including animals like sea creatures, dairy produce, cereals, vegetables, and sharp herbs (Volume of De Materia Medica)

A

Volume II (Animals to herbs)

42
Q

Covers roots, seeds, and herbs (Volume of De Materia Medica)

A

Volume III (Roots, seeds, and herbs)

43
Q

Describes further the roots and herbs not covered in Volume III (Volume of De Materia Medica)

A

Volume IV (Roots and herbs)

44
Q

Covers the grapevine, wine made from it, strong medicinal potions, and various metal compounds (Volume of De Materia Medica)

A

Volume V (Vines, wines, and minerals)

45
Q

Was known as the “nature doctor” he utilized simple nature remedies in healing in Ancient Greece

A

Hippokrates

46
Q

He wrote De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum

A

Theophrastus

47
Q

Theophrastus wrote __________ and __________ (DD)

A

De Historia Plantarum, De Causis Plantarum

48
Q

He was the earliest source of Greek medical knowledge and descriptions of ancient Greece

49
Q

2 epic poems made by Homer (IO)

A

Iliad, Odyssey

50
Q

An epic poem made by Homer that contains more information concerning treatment of injuries

51
Q

He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream

52
Q

Galen’s name is associated with a class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means, known as __________

A

Galenicals

53
Q

3 main ingredients of cold cream (ROB)

A

Rosewater, Olive oil or Almond oil, Beeswax

54
Q

He was Persian who wrote the Kitab ash-shifa (Book of healing) and the Canon of Medicine

A

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

55
Q

A vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia written by Avicenna

A

Kitab ash-shifa (Book of Healing)

56
Q

Is among the most famous books in the history of medicine; written by Avicenna

A

Canon of Medicine

57
Q

Was a famous and influential medical and health center in Italy

A

School of Salerna

58
Q

He was the one who introduced Arabian medicine into Europe

A

Constantine the African

59
Q

2 books written by Constantine the African (ER)

A

Experiments of Cohpon, Regimen Sanitatis Salerni

60
Q

Was an instruction for maintaining good health; written by Constantine the African

A

Regimen Sanitatis Salerni

61
Q

Regimen Sanitatis Salerni was known as __________ or __________ (FT)

A

Flos medicinae (Lilium medicinae), The flower of medicine (Lily of medicine)

62
Q

In a monastic pharmacy, ____________ gathered herbs and simples in the field or raised them in their own herb garden

63
Q

A pastor and naturalist who was the town physician at Bern during the Renaissance era

A

Otto Brunfels

64
Q

Otto Brunfels wrote __________, that contains 135 original detailed woodcuts of plants

A

Herbarum vivae eicones

65
Q

He was the first to create a system of botany that classified plants into three categories during the Renaissance era

A

Hieronymus Bock

66
Q

3 categories of plants made by Hieronymus Bock (HST)

A

Herbs, Shrubs, Trees

67
Q

Refers to the science of plant description

A

Phytography

68
Q

His work is one of the most beautiful books printed with full-page illustrations; he added 100 plants that were not mentioned in earlier herbals

A

Fuchs Leonhart

69
Q

The genus __________ was named in honor of Fuchs Leonhart

70
Q

He was a botanist and physician during the Renaissance era who was the personal physician of Ferdinand II, Emperor Maximillian II, and to the Holy Roman Emperor

A

Pietro Andrea Mattioli

71
Q

He was the one who developed the first microscope in Holland

A

Zacharias Jansen

72
Q

He wrote the Micrographia; he was the one who discovered plant cells

A

Robert Hooke

73
Q

He was the Father of Microbiology; he invented the first practical microscopes

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

74
Q

He discovered the use of digitalis and published “An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses”

A

William Withering

75
Q

He discovered morphine and recognized the importance of a new class of organic compounds, alkaloids

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

76
Q

2 individuals who isolated emetine, strychnine, brucine, quinine, and cinchonine (JP)

A

Joseph Bieniamin Caventou, Pierre Joseph Pelletier

77
Q

Emetine was isolated from __________ in 1817

A

Ipecacuanha

78
Q

Strychnine and brucine was isolated from __________ in 1818

A

Nux vomica

79
Q

Quinine and cinchonine, which are both antimalarial drugs, was isolated from the __________ in 1820

A

Cinchona bark

80
Q

Public pharmacies in Europe began to appear in the __________ century

81
Q

In __________, pharmacy was separated from medicine by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen who was an Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily

82
Q

In 1240, pharmacy was separated from medicine by __________ who was an Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily

A

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen

83
Q

The place where the separation of pharmacy and medicine happened

A

Palace Palermo

PH 111 - Pharmacognosy & Plant Chemistry (Lec) (7 decks)

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