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Reproduction Year 3 > Pregnancy Physiology > Flashcards

Pregnancy Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where does fertilisation most commonly occur

A

ampulla

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2
Q

when is the blastocyst transported to the uterus

A

days 3-5

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3
Q

when does the blastocyst implant in the uterus lining

A

day 5-8

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4
Q

what do the inner cells of the blastocyst become

A

the embryo

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5
Q

what do the outer cells of the blastocyst become

A

the placenta

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6
Q

what cells help the blastocyst penetrate + adhere to endometrium?

A

trophoblastic cells

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7
Q

by what day is the blastocyst fully buried in the endometrium

A

day 12

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8
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast + decidual tissue

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9
Q

how are placental villi formed

A

trophoblasts differentiate into synctiotrophoblast- invade decidua + break down capillaries – forms cavities
Developing embryo sends capillaries into these projections- placental villi formed

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10
Q

when is the placenta + foetal heart functional by

A

week 5

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11
Q

what is the role of HCG in the nutrition of the foetus

A

signals corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone-

this stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins + lipids

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12
Q

which vessel delivers oxygen rich blood to the foetus

A

umbilical vein

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13
Q

which vessel returns oxygen poor blood back to the mother

A

uterine veins

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14
Q

which 3 factors facilitate oxygen transport in fetal blood

A
  1. fetal Hb- Increased ability to carry oxygen
  2. higher Hb concentration in fetal blood
  3. Bohr effect, fetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low pCO2 than in high pCO2
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15
Q

what are the only electrolytes that can go from mother to child

A

iron + calcium

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16
Q

how does glucose cross the placenta

A

simplified transport

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17
Q

drugs that can cross placenta and harm the baby

A 
alcohol 
nicotine
heroin 
cocaine 
tetracyclics
thalidomide
carbamazepine
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18
Q

role of HCG

A

prevents degeneration of corpus luteum

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19
Q

when is HCS (human chorionic somatomamotrophin) produced

A

from week 5

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20
Q

role of HCS

A

protein tissue formation
decreases insulin sensitivity in the mother- more glucose for the foetus
involved in breast development

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21
Q

function of progesterone

A

development of decidual cells
decreases uterus contractility
preparation for lactation

22
Q

function of oestrogen

A

enlargement of the uterus
breast development
relaxes ligaments

23
Q

what affect does the placenta releasing CRH have on the mother

A

increases ACTH- increases aldosterone

therefore increased cortisol

24
Q

what does increased aldosterone cause

A

hypertension

25
Q

what does increased cortisol cause

A

oedema

insulin resistance - gestational diabetes

26
Q

what effects does the placenta increasing calcium demand have on the mother

A

hyperparathyroidism (high calcium, high PTH)

27
Q

What cardiovascular changes are seen in the mother

A

increased CO (due to demand of fetal circulation)
increased HR
BP drops during 2nd trimester

28
Q

why does BP drop during 2nd trimester

A

expanding uteroplacental circulation- decreased peripheral resistance

29
Q

haematological changes seen in pregnancy

A

increased plasma volume
erythropoiesis (increased in RBC)
increased iron requirement

30
Q

respiratory changes in pregnancy

A

increased O2 consumption to meet metabolic demands of fetus

31
Q

role of progesterone in resp changes

A

signals brain to lower CO2 levels
achieved by:
increased RR
Increased tidal volume

32
Q

renal changes seen in pregnancy

A

increased GFR + plasma flow

33
Q

how do postural changes affect renal function

A

upright- decreased
supine- increased
lateral position during sleep- increased

34
Q

what is pre-eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension + proteinuria

35
Q

what leads to proteinuria

A

kidney function declines- salt + water retention
oedema
decreased renal blood flow + GFR

36
Q

biggest risk for pre-eclampsia

A

previous pre-eclampsia

37
Q

what is given from 12 weeks if high risk for pre-eclampsia

A

75mg aspirin daily

38
Q

symptoms of eclampsia

A

LETHAL

vascular spasms, extreme hypertension, seizures, coma

39
Q

treatment of eclampsia

A

vasodilators + C section

40
Q

average maternal weight gain

A

24 lbs

41
Q

how many extra calories does a woman need

A

250-300

42
Q

what is given before labour to prevent intra-cranial bleeding

A

vitamin K

43
Q

role of progesterone + oestrogen in labour

A

progesterone inhibits contractility, oestrogen increases contractility

44
Q

where is oxytocin made

A

posterior pituitary

45
Q

role of oxytocin

A

increases contractions

46
Q

what does cervical stretching cause

A

further oxytocin release

47
Q

effect of oxytocin on the placenta

A

stimulates it to make prostaglandins

this stimulates more vigorous contractions of the uterus

48
Q

what stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

49
Q

what inhibits milk production

A

oestrogen

progesterone

50
Q

role of oxytocin in breast feeding

A

causes muscle contraction- smooth ejaculation of milk

Reproduction Year 3 (36 decks)

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