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Reproduction Year 3 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular
ovulation
luteal

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2
Q

phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

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3
Q

when does proliferative phase of uterine cycle occur

A

day 1-14

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4
Q

what hormone is mainly present in the proliferative phase

A

oestrogen

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5
Q

when does the secretory phase of uterine cycle occur

A

day 16-28

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6
Q

what hormone is mainly present in the secretory phase

A

progesterone

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7
Q

what day of the uterine cycle is menstruation

A

day 1-3

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8
Q

causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in young women

A

DUB- usually anovulatory
Pregnancy/miscarriage
Endometritis
Bleeding disorders

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9
Q

causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in peri-menopausal women

A 
polyp
leiomyoma
adenomyosis
neoplasia 
hormone defects
DUB
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10
Q

causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in post-menopausal women

A 
atrophy
endometrial polyp
carcinoma/sarcoma 
HRT
Endometritis
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11
Q

what endometrial thickness in post menopausal women indicates a biopsy

A

> 4mm

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12
Q

what endometrial thickness in pre-menopausal women indicates a biopsy

A

> 16 mm

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13
Q

history needed before endometrial biopsy

A 
Age 
Date of last period + length of cycle
pattern of bleeding
hormones
recent pregnancies
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14
Q

definition of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

irregular uterine bleeding that reflects a disruption In the normal cyclic pattern of ovulatory hormonal stimulation to endometrial lining

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15
Q

what are most cases of DUB caused by

A

anovulatory cycles

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16
Q

what happens in anovulatory cycles

A

corpus luteum does not form - continued growth of functionalis layer

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17
Q

causes of an anovulatory cycle

A 
PCOS 
Hypothalamic dysfunction 
thyroid disorders 
hyperprolactinaemia 
luteal phase deficiency
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18
Q

what happens in luteal phase deficiency

A

insufficient progesterone/ poor response of endometrium to progesterone
abnormal follicular development (inadequate FSH/LH)
poor corpus luteum formation

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19
Q

pathological causes of abnormal uterine bleeding

A 
endometritis 
polyp
adenomyosis 
leiomyoma 
miscarriage
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20
Q

causes of endometritis

A

Neisseria, chlamydia, TB, HSV
IUCD
post-partum granulomatous

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21
Q

what is endometritis associated with

A

leoimyoma

polyps

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22
Q

what indicates chronic endometritis

A

plasma cells in the stroma of the endometrium

ie. chronic plasmacytic endometritis

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23
Q

what is chronic endometritis associated with

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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24
Q

features of a polyp

A

common, usually asymptomatic
benign
may cause bleeding/discharge

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25
Q

treatment of endometritis

A

ampicillin + gentamicin + metronidazole

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26
Q

what age do polyps present

A

around/after menopause

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27
Q

what is a molar pregnancy

A

non-viable fertilised egg implants in the uterus

28
Q

what type of disease is molar pregnancy

A

gestational trophoblastic disease

29
Q

what is a complete mole

A

egg has lost its DNA.

Fertilised- only paternal DNA is present

30
Q

what is a partial mole

A

haploid egg

fertilised + reduplicates/fertilised by 2 sperm- Triploidy

31
Q

which mole has higher risk of choriocarcinoma

A

complete

32
Q

what is adenomyosis

A

endometrial glands + stroma within the myometrium

33
Q

symptoms of adenomyosis

A

menorrhagia

dysmenorrhoea

34
Q

what is a leiomyoma

A

fibroid- Benign tumour of smooth muscle

35
Q

symptoms of leiomyoma

A

menorrhagia
pain
infertility

36
Q

what is growth of leiomyoma dependent on

A

oestrogen

37
Q

what is the transitional zone of the cervix

A

junction between squamous cells on the outer cervix and columnar cells on the inner cervix

38
Q

what can alter the position of the transitional zone

A

menarche
pregnancy
menopause

39
Q

what is cervical erosion

A

exposure of endocervical epithelium to the acid environment of the vagina

40
Q

what does cervical erosion lead to

A

squamous metaplasia

41
Q

what are nabothian cysts

A

mucus filled cyst on the surface of the cervix

42
Q

what causes nabothian cysts

A

squamous epithelium grows over the glands and block them

43
Q

symptoms of cervicitis

A

often asymptomatic
vaginal discharge
dysuria
intermenstrual/post coital bleeding

44
Q

what can cause cervicitis

A

chlamydia
HSV
gonorrhoea
follicular cervicitis

45
Q

what is follicular cervicitis

A

inflammation of the sub epithelial reactive lymphoid follicles in the cervix

46
Q

what is follicular cervicitis also known as

A

chronic lymphofollicular cervicitis

47
Q

what HPV are associated with cervical cancer

A

16 + 18

48
Q

what is cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

Pre-invasive stage of cervical cancer

49
Q

where doe CIN occur

A

at transformation zone

50
Q

symptoms of CIN

A

asymptomatic

51
Q

what causes CIN

A

dysplasia of squamous cells

52
Q

what is koilocytosis

A

squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes due to HPV infection

53
Q

stages of CIN

A
  1. Normal squamous epithelium
  2. Koilocytosis
  3. CIN 1
  4. CIN 2
  5. CIN 3
54
Q

Histological changes seen in CIN

A

Hyperchromasia
Pleomorphism
Excess mitotic activity
More immature basal cells

55
Q

what is hyperchromasia

A

dark staining nuclei due to increased DNA content

56
Q

most common cervical tumour

A

invasive squamous carcinoma

57
Q

why is invasive squamous carcinoma preventable

A

develops from CIN- can be picked up by screening

58
Q

symptoms of cervical cancer

A

abnormal bleeding- post coital/post menopausal
pelvic pain
haematuria
ureteric obstruction

59
Q

what lymph nodes does cervical cancer spread to

A

para-aortic

60
Q

what is cervical glandular intra-epithelial neoplasia (CGIN)

A

pre-invasive phase of endocervical adenocarcinoma

61
Q

where does CGIN originate from

A

endocervical epithelium

62
Q

prognosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma

A

worse than squamous

63
Q

who gets vulvar invasive squamous carcinoma

A

elderly women

64
Q

what lymph nodes does vulvar invasive squamous carcinoma spread to

A

inguinal

65
Q

how does vulvar pagets disease present

A

crusting rash

66
Q

what do tumour cells in vulvar pagets disease contain

A

mucin

67
Q

where does the tumour arise from in vulvar pagets disease

A

sweat glands in the skin

Reproduction Year 3 (36 decks)

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