Practical 7 Flashcards
Normal oxygen concentration in the environment
~20.9%
Normal inhale full exhale
Higher oxygen extraction efficiency
Normal oxygen extraction efficiency
~18-20%
Holding your breath
Increases oxygen efficiency
Rebreathing the same air
Decreases oxygen extraction efficiency
Breathing during exercise
Less efficient due to shallow breaths
Breathing after exercise
More efficient
Tidal Volume (TV)
Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of one breath, or the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing (breathing without effort).
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV is the extra amount of air moved out of the lungs beyond the level of tidal expiration during a forced expiration.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the extra amount of air moved into the lungs beyond the level of tidal expiration during a forced inspiration.
Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1.0)
Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1.0) is the volume of air moved out of the lungs in the first second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration (IC = TV + IRV)
FEV1.0%
FEV1.0% is a common comparison of FEV1.0 to VC (i.e. how quickly the lungs can be emptied) and is calculated by FEV1.0 ÷ VC x 100%
How does the giant Gippsland earthworm breathe?
It uses the body surface for gas exchange - respiratory pigments allow it to hold onto unused oxygen.
Why is a reversed Bohr effect beneficial for worms?
Because they live underground and need to breathe better when they have less access to oxygen.
How do platyhelminthes respire?
Platyhelminthes have a thin body that allows for diffusion to be the primary mechanism of gas exchange.
Buccal pumping vs ram ventilation.
Buccal pumping involves filling the mouth cavity with water, closing the mouth, and then forcing water through the gills. Ram ventilation is when both mouth and gills are open at the same time, and swimming at speed forces water through the gills. Ram ventilation is more efficient, and would be used when metabolic rate increases, such as when a fish needs to swim fast to escape a predator.
Mouth and gills moving alternately would be what sort of respiration?
Buccal pumping
Tidal ventilation in Lampreys
Tidal ventilation allows the lamprey to breathe even while it is feeding and cannot take in water via its mouth. Tidal ventilation is generally less efficient than buccal or ram ventilation.
What is diffused across the gills in water breathers?
O2 and CO2. Also, salts are able to diffuse through the gills, which enables salt water fish to get rid of excess salt which they take in while they eat (or freshwater fish to take in salts if they need it).
How are the gases exchanged across the insect gills transported through the body?
Gills are a branching extension of the tracheal system, which then carries gasses around the body as in other insects.
What respiratory structures do spiders and terrestrial snails use?
Book lungs and trachea are employed by spiders. Most land snails have a mantle cavity within which there is a lung. They breathe in and out through the pneumostome or the breathing pore.
What mechanisms are used for ventilating the lungs of lungfish, frogs, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds, and mammals?
CHECK ANSWER - one in doc is poor quality
How many inhales and exhales would it take to get an air particle all the way through an avian lung?
2 of each