Practical 7

Question 1

Normal oxygen concentration in the environment

Answer 1

~20.9%

Question 2

Normal inhale full exhale

Answer 2

Higher oxygen extraction efficiency

Question 3

Normal oxygen extraction efficiency

Answer 3

~18-20%

Question 4

Holding your breath

Answer 4

Increases oxygen efficiency

Question 5

Rebreathing the same air

Answer 5

Decreases oxygen extraction efficiency

Question 6

Breathing during exercise

Answer 6

Less efficient due to shallow breaths

Question 7

Breathing after exercise

Answer 7

More efficient

Question 8

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 8

Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of one breath, or the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing (breathing without effort).

Question 9

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 9

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV is the extra amount of air moved out of the lungs beyond the level of tidal expiration during a forced expiration.

Question 10

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 10

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the extra amount of air moved into the lungs beyond the level of tidal expiration during a forced inspiration.

Question 11

Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1.0)

Answer 11

Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1.0) is the volume of air moved out of the lungs in the first second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration.

Question 12

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 12

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration (IC = TV + IRV)

Question 13

FEV1.0%

Answer 13

FEV1.0% is a common comparison of FEV1.0 to VC (i.e. how quickly the lungs can be emptied) and is calculated by FEV1.0 ÷ VC x 100%

Question 14

How does the giant Gippsland earthworm breathe?

Answer 14

It uses the body surface for gas exchange - respiratory pigments allow it to hold onto unused oxygen.

Question 15

Why is a reversed Bohr effect beneficial for worms?

Answer 15

Because they live underground and need to breathe better when they have less access to oxygen.

Question 16

How do platyhelminthes respire?

Answer 16

Platyhelminthes have a thin body that allows for diffusion to be the primary mechanism of gas exchange.

Question 17

Buccal pumping vs ram ventilation.

Answer 17

Buccal pumping involves filling the mouth cavity with water, closing the mouth, and then forcing water through the gills. Ram ventilation is when both mouth and gills are open at the same time, and swimming at speed forces water through the gills. Ram ventilation is more efficient, and would be used when metabolic rate increases, such as when a fish needs to swim fast to escape a predator.

Question 18

Mouth and gills moving alternately would be what sort of respiration?

Answer 18

Buccal pumping

Question 19

Tidal ventilation in Lampreys

Answer 19

Tidal ventilation allows the lamprey to breathe even while it is feeding and cannot take in water via its mouth. Tidal ventilation is generally less efficient than buccal or ram ventilation.

Question 20

What is diffused across the gills in water breathers?

Answer 20

O2 and CO2. Also, salts are able to diffuse through the gills, which enables salt water fish to get rid of excess salt which they take in while they eat (or freshwater fish to take in salts if they need it).

Question 21

How are the gases exchanged across the insect gills transported through the body?

Answer 21

Gills are a branching extension of the tracheal system, which then carries gasses around the body as in other insects.

Question 22

What respiratory structures do spiders and terrestrial snails use?

Answer 22

Book lungs and trachea are employed by spiders. Most land snails have a mantle cavity within which there is a lung. They breathe in and out through the pneumostome or the breathing pore.

Question 23

What mechanisms are used for ventilating the lungs of lungfish, frogs, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds, and mammals?

Answer 23

CHECK ANSWER - one in doc is poor quality

Question 24

How many inhales and exhales would it take to get an air particle all the way through an avian lung?

Answer 24

2 of each

Question 25

Oxygen concentration at high altitudes

Answer 25

Lower