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BIO2242 > Lecture 2 - Skeletons > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Skeletons Flashcards

1
Q

Why have a skeleton?

A

Support
Muscle attachment
Protection for organs
Permit transmission of force

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2
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates, including annelids, that allows an organism to change shape but not volume.
Pressure generated by muscles

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3
Q

Exoskeletons

A

thick, hard outer coverings that protect and support animals’ bodies

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4
Q

Endoskeleton

A

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

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5
Q

Vertebrate skeletons are generally made of?

A

Cartilage and bone

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6
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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7
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, arm and hand, pelvic girdle, leg and foot

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8
Q

Cartilage skeleton

A

Cells surrounded by a gel matrix

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9
Q

Bone

A

Dynamic tissue that continually repairs and remodels itself.

Connective tissue hardened by calcium phosphate

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10
Q

What is bone made up of?

A

made up of bone tissue, marrow, cartilage and periosteum

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11
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
Cylinders of tissue around blood vessels

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12
Q

Spongy bone

A

A layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.
Formed by trabeculae
Strong but light

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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

Cylinder of compact bone

Endosteum cells resorb and deposit

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14
Q

Epiphyses

A

Spongy bone covered with compact bone and cartilage

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15
Q

Where do bones grow?

A

Bones grow between the ends of the diaphysis and the epiphysis

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16
Q

How does bone grow?

A

The ends grow first, then the shaft extends

Bone grows by filling in parts

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17
Q

Bone matrix

A

rigid framework of bone that consists of tough protein fibers and mineral crystals

18
Q

bone restoration

A

Through the crystallization of ions from plasma and deposited in the bone
Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that become encrusted with minerals

19
Q

How can bone restoration be reversed?

A

Can be reversed by low pH and acid phosphate - can lead to osteoporosis

20
Q

How does a bone grow?

A

The bone first begins as Endochondrial (bone as cartilage)

Then increases in length at ends

21
Q

Where does the bone increase in width?

A

Increase in width at periphery with centre dissolved

22
Q

How does bone respond to forces?

A

The growth of certain bones will continue to grow during life in response to what is needed.
E.g., a tennis played having very strong bones in it’s right arm

23
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

24
Q

Simple wolff’s law

A

Stressed bone is strengthened, unstressed bone is reabsorbed

25
Q

Bone Marrow

A

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

26
Q

Red marrow

A

Mesh of fibres that produces blood cells

27
Q

Fatty yellow marrow

A

Stores fat

28
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial

29
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Collagen between bones e.g., sutures of the skull

Immovable and usually strong

30
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage e.g., sternum
Most flexible joint

31
Q

Bony joints

A
  • bones fused by osseous tissue

e. g., mandibles in childhood

32
Q

Synovial joints

A

bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity e.g., knee, elbow
Tendon attaches muscle to bone, ligament attached bone to bone

33
Q

Synovial joints strength

A

The strongest joints

34
Q

Examples of Synovial joints

A 
Ball and socket e.g., shoulder
Hinge e.g., knee, elbow
Pivot e.g., radius and ulna
Saddle e.g., base of thumb
Condyloid e.g., fingers
Gliding e.g., wrist
35
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

-smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
-extensive movement, et less stable (dislocation; shoulder)
Multiaxial joint

36
Q

Hinge joint

A

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Monoaxial joint

37
Q

Pivot joints

A

One bone has a projection that is held in place by a ringlike ligament of another bone
The first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
Monoaxial joint

38
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints

A

Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next. e.g., fingers
Biaxial joints

39
Q

Gliding (plane) joint

A

Two flat surfaces that slide over each other to allow movement
Non-axial joint

40
Q

Saddle joints

A

Two planes of movement, with a small amount of rotation

Similar to ellipsoid joint

BIO2242 (33 decks)

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